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Be Bear
Aware
in Colorado Bear Country
�If you live in the foothills and
mountains of Colorado, you live in
bear country!
If you hike and
camp in Colorado,
chances are
you’ve visited
places where
bears live, too.
Usually people and bears
can share the same
space without problems,
but not always.
�Let’s learn more
about bears, and
see what we can do
to keep people and
bears safe.
�There are many different kinds of
bears in the world.
Sun bear
Polar bear
Sloth bear
Asiatic
black bear
There are 3 different kinds of bears in North America: the polar
bear, the brown or grizzly bear, and the American black bear.
Circle the bears you might see in North America.
�Panda
Spectacled bear
Colorado is home to the
American black bear.
Put a star by
the American
black bear!
Grizzly or
brown bear
American
black bear
�What are black bears like?
Bears have
small _________,
but their hearing is
very good.
Bears do not see well.
They have weak
________.
Bears have very
sensitive
__________
and a keen sense
of smell.
Bears have strong
jaws and sharp
______________.
Bears have powerful
_________________
and some can run very
fast.
Bears have long, sharp
______________ which
are good for digging and
scratching.
Use these words to fill in the blanks:
claws
ears
eyes
legs
noses
teeth
�Did you know?
Not all black bears are black!
Some are light brown, or dark brown with a light face. Some are
the color of cinnamon, and some are almost white!
Color each of these bears
a different color.
It’s still a black bear!
�What do people like to do outdoors?
Color your favorite activities.
�What do bears do outdoors?
Sometimes when bears and people try to do things in the
same place, there can be trouble.
Bears searching for food or shelter can cause damage to
homes and property, and can even hurt people.
�There are many things people can do to prevent
problems with bears. Can you guess which things in
the campsite and the yard might attract bears?
�Circle the things you could change to make the
campsite and the yard safer for people and bears.
�If a bear damages property a
wildlife officer might need to trap
it and move it somewhere else.
When this happens, the officer
must put a tag on the bear’s ear
to mark it as a bear in trouble.
�But where can the bear be moved?
There are a lot of people living in
the same places bears like.
If a bear with an ear tag gets in trouble
a second time, the law says that wildlife
officers have to kill it.
It’s a part of their job they don’t like at all.
�So what can we
do to keep
people and
bears safe?
Bear Aware tips
at home:
1) Store pet food and birdseed in airtight containers in
your garage or a locked shed.
2) Bring your pet’s food and
water bowls in at night.
3) Keep your garbage out of
sight and smell of bears. Use
bearproof containers and
don’t put your trash out until
nearly time for pickup.
4) Keep your barbeque grill
clean of smells.
Remember that fruit trees
and berry bushes in your
yard can attract bears.
How can we keep a
bear from getting an
ear tag?
�Bear Aware tips
when camping or
hiking:
1) Keep your camp clean
2) Store food and other
scented items like shampoo
in airtight containers away
from your campsite.
3) You can hang your food in
a cooler at least ten feet off
the ground where bears can’t
reach it.
4) Pack out your trash when you
leave, don’t bury it.
5) Have your sleeping area away
from where you cook and don’t
keep any food in your tent.
6) Do not hike alone, and make
noise on the trail so you do not
surprise a bear.
7) Do not store food in your car
when you are camping. A bear
can break in to a vehicle.
�Some cool facts about black bears:
- Bears have a good sense of smell. They can smell a person as much as a mile
away and detect the smell of food on clothing that has been carried in a
backpack with food.
- About 90 percent of a black bear’s diet is plants. Much of the meat they
eat is insects and carrion (dead animals).
- Black bears mate in May and June, but the embryo does not implant in the
female’s uterus until the she enters the hibernation den in November.
- Cubs are born in mid-January or February during hibernation. The mother
bear nurses her cubs, although she does not resume eating or drinking until
after leaving the den in late April or
early May.
- During late summer and fall months,
when bears are storing fat for the
winter, a bear can eat as much as
20,000 calories a day!
- Hibernating bears may go more than
200 days without eating, drinking,
urinating, or defecating.
- Even though they are inactive during
hibernation, bears don’t lose muscle.
Astronauts who spend a long time in
space without much exercise DO lose
muscle and get very weak. Some scientists hope that by studying bears they
can learn how to help people who travel
in space.
�If you do meet a bear,
what should you do?
Stay calm! Do not turn
and run. If you do, the
bear might chase you.
�The bear may come closer to get a better look at
you. Bears have poor eyesight. The bear may also
stand up or walk around you to get your scent.
Nice bear.... easy bear....
Help the bear figure
out what you are.
Talk in a normal voice
and wave your arms
SLOWLY.
�Try to give the bear
room to get away.
Back away slowly if you can.
Always face the bear. Keep talking softly.
Remember!
Do not turn and run.
�Leave cubs alone!
The mother bear is probably nearby and
she will want to keep her cubs safe.
If you approach a cub,
you will make her angry!
�If a black bear
attacks you, use
sticks, rocks, or
other objects to
fight back.
�Fill in the missing words
Fillin the boxes below with the missing words. Use the numbers to guide you.
1. The only species of bear in Colorado is the __________ bear.
2. When you hike, talk, sing, and make ____________.
3. Black bears can be black, ____________, cinnamon or even white.
4. Bears have poor ________________
5. Bears have small ___________, but they can hear well.
6. If you meet a bear, don’t _________.
7. In Colorado, a bear in trouble with people has to wear an ear ________.
8. You should stay
____________ from bear
cubs.
9. To help keep bears out of
trouble, put your
______________ out of
sight and smell of bears.
10. You can also help by
bringing your pet’s food and
_________ bowls in at
night.
11. When you are camping,
you can help by keeping your
camp ___________.
Read down the darker
boxes for a hidden
message.
�Bears are smart
and interesting
animals.
Learn more about
bears, and share
what you know
with your friends
and family.
Here are some
ways to learn
more about
bears:
- Contact a wildlife officer at the Colorado Division of Wildlife.
- Visit these websites: bebearaware.org, wildlife.state.co.us
- Stop at visitor centers and information displays
- Visit the library in your town or school for books, CDs,
and videos about bears.
- Look in bookstores for books about bears.
- Ask your parents and teachers to help you learn about bears.
�Colorado Division of Wildlife Headquarters
6060 Broadway
Denver, Colorado, 80216
(303)297-1192ÊÊ(M-F 8am-5pm MST)
Ê
Regional Offices/Service Centers
Denver Service Center and
Northeast Region Office
ÊÊ 6060 Broadway
ÊÊ Denver, CO 80216
ÊÊ (303)291-7227
Ê
Southeast Region Service Center
ÊÊ 4255 Sinton Rd
ÊÊ Colorado Springs, CO 80907
ÊÊ (719)227-5200
Ê
Fort Collins Service Center
ÊÊ 317 W. Prospect
ÊÊ Fort Collins, CO 80526
ÊÊ (970)472-4300
Ê
Northwest Region Service Center
ÊÊ 711 Independent
ÊÊ Grand Junction, CO 81505
ÊÊ (970)255-6100
Southwest Region Service Center
ÊÊ 151 East 16th Street
ÊÊ Durango, CO 81301
ÊÊ (970)247-0855
For more contact information, check out
www.wildlife.state.co.us
�
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C O L O R A D O
P A R K S
&
W I L D L I F E
Chronic Wasting Disease in Colorado
and one-third of its elk herds have
animals within the herd that are
known to be infected with CWD.
Updated maps of CWD prevalence
in Colorado are available at cpw.state.co.us/CWD. CPW’s Big
Game Brochure lists GMUs that will require mandatory submission of CWD test samples (heads) from all buck deer harvested
during rifle seasons.
What is CWD?
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurological disease
found in species of the deer family (“cervids”). It belongs to a
family of diseases caused by prions (abnormally shaped proteins).
This particular prion attacks the brains of infected deer, elk and
moose, causing the animals to display abnormal behavior, become
uncoordinated and emaciated, and eventually die.
How do animals get CWD?
For reasons that are not known, prions are misshapen and able to
propagate in a susceptible animal's immune and nervous system.
The prion can be transmitted by social contact among animals,
but it can also be picked up in the soil. There is no known cure.
Is there a risk to humans?
Disease in humans resulting from CWD exposure has not been
reported to date. However, there may be a small risk from
eating meat from infected animals. Consequently, public health
of-ficials recommend that people avoid exposure to CWDinfected animals. Please see the Colorado Department of Public
Health and Environment website (www.colorado.gov/pacific/
cdphe/prion-diseases) for the most current recommendations
on carcass testing and other preventive measures.
What wildlife species are affected by CWD?
All four of the species of the deer family in Colorado are known to
be naturally susceptible to CWD: elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer
and moose. Natural susceptibility appears to be limited to species
that are members of the deer family (cervids) and not pronghorn,
bighorn sheep and mountain goat.
Mule Deer herd
Whitetail deer yearlings
WAYNE D. LEWIS/CPW
What are the concerns to herd health?
CWD shortens the lifespan of infected animals. As the number of
infected animals increases, mortality will increase and the size of
the population will decrease. Because deer can move great distances, the disease can be spread unpredictably.
Camping at Cheyenne Mountain State Park
WAYNE D. LEWIS/CPW
Does Colorado have CWD?
Yes. CWD has been found in deer, elk and moose herds in various locations in Colorado. About half of Colorado’s deer herds
What CWD precautions and preventative measures should
hunters take?
To minimize exposure to CWD and other diseases of potential
concern, Colorado Parks and Wildlife and state public health
of-ficials advise hunters not to shoot, handle or consume any
deer, elk or moose that is acting abnormally or appears to be
sick. When field-dressing game, wear rubber gloves and
minimize the use of a bone saw to cut through the brain or
spinal cord (backbone). Minimize contact with brain or spinal
cord tissues, eyes, spleen or lymph nodes. Always wash hands
and utensils thoroughly after dressing and processing game
meat. Moreinformation can be found here on the CPW website.
A practical CWD video designed for hunters who want to learn
and see more can be found here: CWD video.
Can CWD be transferred to other species?
The disease occurs in cervids – deer, elk, moose and their close
relatives. It is not known to be transmitted naturally to other species outside the “deer family.”
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
11.18
�If I see a deer while I'm hunting that appears to be sick, what
should I do?
Note the location as specifically as possible and call the closest
CPW office as soon as possible. Do not shoot the animal.
If I see a deer in my yard or town that appears to be sick,
what should I do?
Call the nearest CPW office and provide a location.
Why should people be concerned about CWD?
CWD poses a significant threat to the future health and vitality
of captive and free-ranging mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk and
moose populations throughout 26 states and provinces in North
America. A growing body of evidence suggests that unchecked
CWD epidemics can impair the long-term performance of affected
populations. The disease shortens the lifespan of infected animals.
As a larger proportion of the population becomes infected, older
age classes suffer high rates of mortality, and the average age declines. If CWD infection rates are high enough, the population may
not be able to sustain itself.
CWD poses serious problems for wildlife management, and the
implications for free-ranging deer and elk are significant. Recent
studies have shown local declines in deer abundance associated
with CWD epidemics, and computer modeling suggests that
CWD could substantially reduce deer, elk or moose populations by
lowering adult survival rates. Where it occurs, CWD may alter the
management of wild deer, elk and moose populations. For example, management recommendations in other states have sharply
reduced the density of deer in areas with high CWD infection rates
to slow the spread of the disease.
Why do we want to prevent CWD prevalence rates from
increasing in Colorado?
As CWD prevalence rates increase within a specific herd, the
likelihood of animals in that herd becoming infected also increases.
Older animals have a higher potential for exposure to CWD — particularly for mule deer bucks — and as more of them die from the
disease relative to younger animals, the average age of the herd decreases. A proportion of younger animals will also become infected
and die at an early age. Animals will begin to die from the disease
two years after infection. Considering this information, it is best to
prevent high prevalence rates from occurring in a herd.
Mandatory CWD Testing
Why does CPW choose certain Game Management Units
(GMUs) for mandatory CWD testing? What is the objective?
Voluntary submissions of hunter-harvested deer, elk and moose for
CWD testing have been low and limit CPW’s ability to determine
infection rates of CWD. As a result, it was necessary for CPW to
begin mandatory harvest submissions of mule deer from select
Game Management Unitsto increase the number ofsamples
submitted for testing. The objective is to improve CPW’s knowledge
of CWD infection rates, which may influence harvest management
as well as herd management decisions. More information on
mandatory testing and its alignment with the Colorado Chronic
Wasting Disease Response Plan is available on the CPW website.
Mandatory CWD testing has been authorized under the CPW
Director’s authority in accordance with CPW regulation Chapter
W-02.209.F. Mandatory testing occurs periodically in select units,
whereas voluntary submissions are accepted annually statewide.
Why is testing for CWD important?
The proportion of animals in the population that are infected
(prevalence rate) is needed to inform wildlife management.
Our ability to understand prevalence rates relies on biological
samples collected from a large number of animals in a herd.
What GMUs are included in the mandatory sampling effort?
Are all hunters licensed for the selected GMUs required to
participate in the mandatory sample?
Hunters who harvest in mandatory units are required to
submit their deer head or have a CWD sample taken. Visit
the CWD Testing & Submission Information page for current
GMUs included in mandatory sampling. Hunters are advised
to check their hunt codes closely to see if their hunt falls within
one of these units.
I've eaten a lot of deer meat in the past, should I be worried?
Disease in humans resulting from CWD exposure has not been
reported to date. However, there may be a small risk from eating
meat from infected animals. Consequently, public health officials
recommend that people avoid exposure to CWD-infected animals.
Please see the Colorado Department of Public Health and
Environment website for the most current recommendations on
carcass testing and other preventive measures.
To minimize exposure to CWD and other diseases of potential
concern, CPW and state public health officials advise hunters
not to shoot, handle or consume any deer, elk or moose that is
acting abnormally or appears to be sick. When field-dressing
game, wear rubber gloves and minimize the use of a bone saw
to cut through the brain orspinal cord (backbone). Minimize
contact with brain or spinal cord tissues, eyes, spleen, orlymph
nodes. Always wash hands and utensilsthoroughly after dressing
and processing game meat.
Is it true that CWD is more common in bucks than does?
In Colorado, yes. CWD studies have shown that prevalence rates
for adult bucks are approximately double the prevalence rates
found for the adult does of the same population. In addition, older
bucks are more likely to have CWD than younger bucks. Thus, a
commonly recommended management practice for reducing
CWD prevalence rate is to reduce the buck-to-doe ratio and the
average age of bucks.
Why does CPW mainly track and report infection rates (prevalence) for deer bucks? And why are both sexes combined for
elk?
CWD infection rates tend to be higher among deer than among
elk living in the same area, so tracking trends in deer have been
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
�CPW’s priority. For both mule deer and white-tailed deer, bucks are
infected with CWD at about twice the rate found in does harvested
in the same herd. In addition, in recent years far more bucks than
does are harvested statewide. Reporting only infection rates in does
or combining data from both sexes might be viewed as an attempt
to mislead hunters about infection rates in an area. CPW reports
infection rates for bucks, but doe hunters can divide the rate in bucks
by two to estimate the local infection rates for does harvested in
the same geographic area. For elk, both sexes are infected at about
the same rate so the data can be combined without concerns about
underreporting infection rates.
Why isn’t CPW including elk or moose in the mandatory CWD
testing?
Infection rates are higher in deer than in elk and moose; therefore,
the initial focus is on deer. CWD is more likely to cause a population
impact in deer because prevalence is generally higher than in elk and
moose, making testing a higher priority for deer than elk and moose.
How and when will hunters be informed that they are selected
for mandatory CWD testing?
CPW’s Big Game Brochure identifies those units and hunt codes
included for mandatory testing. If you buy a license in that hunt code,
you’re included.
I was selected for mandatory CWD testing. Where do I need
to bring my sample? What part of my deer do I need to bring?
What else do I need to bring with me?
Anyone who is selected for mandatory CWD testing is required to
bring the requested sample (head) of their harvested deer to a CPW
Area or Regional Wildlife Office for testing. A list of office locations
can be found here. According to CPW regulation Chapter W-02.209.F,
it is unlawful to fail to submit CWD samples if you are selected for
mandatory CWD testing.
What to bring to the CPW submission site:
1. Hunting License. You must bring your hunting license so CPW
can obtain the information on your license. If someone else submits
your deer head, they must bring a copy of your hunting license or
Customer Identification (CID) number, but the carcass tag that
came with your license should remain with the carcass.
2. Location of Harvest (GPS coordinates or map location). You
will be asked for the GMU, date of harvest and the geographic
coordinates (Lat/Long or UTM) of where you harvested your deer.
If coordinates are not available, you will be asked to show where the
deer was harvested on a map at the submission site.
3. CWD Sample. Please bring only the head of your deer to the
submission site as soon as possible, preferably within five days of
harvest. When removing the head, leave two to four inches of the
neck below the lower jawbone and base of the skull. Whole brains or
pieces of brain are not accepted for testing. Please wrap the exposed
area with cheese cloth or similar material to prevent tissues from
falling out of the skull. Keep the head cool, dry, and avoid freezing
if possible. Antlers and capes from harvested deer may be removed
by hunters before submitting heads for sampling. CPW will not
remove antlers or capes for hunters. CPW suggests that hunters
planning shoulder-mount taxidermy should take their animal to the
taxidermist before submitting the head for CWD testing. Hunters
planning European-mount taxidermy should bring the head to the
CPW submission site before the taxidermist and plan to leave the
head until a sample can be taken. You may have to wait up to a day
to get your head back. Hunters planning taxidermy or mounting
should notify CPW personnel at the submission site.
WAYNE LEWIS/CPW
Bull moose
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
�How soon after harvest do I need to submit my CWD sample for
testing?
It is recommended that the head of the harvested animal is submitted
for testing as soon as possible. We highly recommend bringing the
head to a CPW Area or Regional Wildlife Office submission site
within five days of harvest. If possible, keep the head cool, dry, and
prevent it from freezing until you are able to submit the sample.
Is there a maximum number of days after harvest an animal
can still be tested?
Tests can be conducted many months after an animal is harvested,
but to get the best and most timely results hunters should have heads
tested as soon as possible after harvest.
Does the mandatory CWD test cost the hunter anything?
No. Hunters selected for mandatory CWD testing will not have to pay
for the test.
If I was not selected for mandatory CWD testing, do I need to
pay to test my animal for CWD?
Yes. The service is still available for hunters that wish to test their
animal for CWD. Hunters not selected at random for free mandatory
CWD testing that wish to have their animal tested will have to pay the
subsidized rate of $25 for the test. The cost of processing and testing
each sample for CWD is approximately $75, but CPW is only charging
hunters $25 to test their animal.
If I was not selected for mandatory CWD testing, can I volunteer
my deer for the sake of science?
Yes, you can, but if you were not selected to receive a free CWD test
as part of the mandatory sample, you will need to pay $25 for CWD
testing. If you submit your deer head for CWD testing, you will be able
to access your CWD test results from the CPW website.
Can I take and submit my own CWD tissue sample?
The collection of the correct tissues for CWD testing requires special
training. CPW recommends bringing your deer head to a submission
site or to a licensed veterinarian trained to collect the tissue samples
needed for testing. If a veterinarian is used, you still need to bring the
sample to a CPW submission site.
How long will it take to receive the test results?
Test results will take a minimum of two weeks and on average three
weeks before they are available. During late seasons and times of high
volume sample collection, CPW anticipates that test results may take
longer than three weeks.
What should I do with the meat while waiting for the CWD test
results to come back?
CPW recommendsthat hunters not eat the meat of an animal that
tests positive for CWD. Huntersshould process their deer as they
normally would while waiting for the CWD test results. If using
commercial processing, request that your carcass is processed and
packaged separately. Marking packaged meat to clearly identify what
animal it represents will aid in distinguishing meat from a CWDpositive animal if the test results are positive.
What happens if my deer is CWD positive? Am I eligible for a
new tag or a refund?
CPW does not offer a replacement license or refund license fees to
hunters that harvest a CWD-positive animal. CPW will reimburse
some of the costs incurred from processing CWD-positive animals.
Visit the CWD Testing & Submission Information page for up-todate information regarding CWD policies for positive test results.
WAYNE LEWIS/CPW
Whitetail Deer
CWD Management
What is Colorado doing to manage CWD?
CPW's Chronic Wasting Disease Response Plan outlines how
CPW is working to reduce the spread of the disease through
hunting and strategic management practices. Since it is unlikely
that CWD can be eradicated, the overall goal is to prevent CWD
from increasing in prevalence or spreading. The primary
management approach will use hunter harvest because public
hunters are CPW’s best tool to remove infected animals and
prevent the spread of CWD. Management actions have
previously been taken to reduce CWD prevalence, and the
effectiveness has varied.
What are the chances that my deer has CWD?
CPW suggests looking at a recent CWD prevalence map to learn what
the infection rate was estimated to be for the area of the state where
you hunted your deer. CPW will be uploading the latest maps for deer
and elk here. Higher prevalence means that there is a higher chance
your harvested deer is infected with CWD. For example, less than 1
percent prevalence meansthat fewer than one in 100 animals
submitted for testing from that area has tested CWD-positive. In
contrast, 5 to 10 percent prevalence means that one out of every 10 to
20 animals submitted hastested positive. Generally speaking, older
deer are more likely to have CWD than younger deer, and adult bucks
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
�are more likely to have CWD than adult does. Information collected
from mandatory and voluntary sample submissions will allow CPW to
update its prevalence maps and provide you and your fellow hunters
with more current information about CWD in Colorado’s deer herds.
If my deer has CWD, what do I do with the meat and carcass?
In the case that a harvested deer tests positive for CWD, the hunter
should carefully discard the animal. CPW recommends that all parts
of a CWD infected animal, including processed meat, be contained
in two heavy duty plastic garbage bags and put out with the weekly
trash or brought to the local landfill. Each plastic garbage bag should
be independently tied. CPW will accept donations of unprocessed or
processed meat that is infected with CWD for research purposes at the
CWD submission sites in Fort Collins, Denver and Craig. Processed
meat must not contain spices of any kind to be eligible for a donation.
What can I do to minimize any potential exposure?
To minimize exposure to CWD and other diseases of potential
concern, CPW and state public health officials advise hunters not
to shoot, handle or consume any deer, elk or moose that is acting
abnormally or appears to be sick. When field-dressing game, wear
rubber gloves and minimize the use of a bone saw to cut through the
brain or spinal cord (backbone). Minimize contact with brain or spinal
cord tissues, eyes, spleen, or lymph nodes. Always wash hands and
utensils thoroughly after dressing and processing game meat. Hunters
should note that many of the infected deer, elk and moose that are
harvested in Colorado appear to be healthy, so submitting samples for
lab testing even if the animal appears “normal” will further minimize
the potential for exposure. Hunters can refer to maps posted on CPW’s
website for information on where CWD has been detected and on
estimated infection rates.
prevalence rates. The CWD rate for mule deer bucks harvested in
2011 was 31 percent. Based on these results, we increased license
numbers in 2012 and have continued a high level of harvest since that
point. Prevalence rates appear to have dropped in GMU 591 but the
results are still preliminary.
What is Colorado Parks and Wildlife proposing for
management?
CPW's Chronic Wasting Disease Response Plan includes a 15-year
monitoring program, a prevalence threshold for compulsory
management, and a suite of management actions available to
managers to reduce prevalence or maintain prevalence at low levels.
What is CPW’s objective for managing future prevalence
levels?
CPW's objective is to reduce the prevalence of the disease to levels
thatshould minimize itslong-term impacts on herd health. Once
prevalence is low, the objective is to keep it low.
What happens if we do nothing?
Doing nothing would be a disservice to the people of Colorado and to
the wildlife resource. If we do nothing, and prevalence rates increase
to high levels, there will be widespread population impacts. CPW is
a science-based agency that is charged with ensuring that Colorado's
wildlife populations are managed sustainably. We accomplish that
through research and management practices.
Bull Elk
How will I learn about the test results?
As soon as results are known, they will be available on the CPW
website (cpw.state.co.us/CWD-Test). Remember to save your CWD
head tag number, which is needed to look up your results.
Are any changes needed to the disease management system
or submission process?
Submitted animals are screened based on national protocols for CWD
testing. It's likely more animals will be brought in for testing, so CPW
will need to evaluate systems to handle a larger volume of animals.
Has CPW increased harvest in any areas of the state? And if so
what are the results?
Starting in 2008, we recognized that the rate of CWD infection for
mule deer on Fort Carson might exceed 10 percent. In 2011, we
increased buck licenses (from 15 to 50) on the installation in an effort
to control the disease and reduce prevalence. Fort Carson also
instituted mandatory sampling so we could better track changes in
TONY GURZICK/CPW
To submit a head for testing, cut it off about 6 inches below the base
of the skull. Minimize cutting into and handling of brain and spinal
tissue. If possible bone out the meat. Do not consume brain, spinal
cord, eyes, spleen, tonsils, pancreas and lymph nodes of harvested
animals. Normal field dressing, coupled with boning out a carcass,
will remove most of these body parts. Cutting away all fatty tissue
will remove most remaining lymph nodes. Clean all knives and saws
thoroughly; disinfect any cutting surfaces with bleach.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (CWD)
Where can I learn more about CWD?
Here is a link to a research paper written by Dr.
Miller in 2016
http://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Research/
CWD/Miller-Fischer_CWDlessons.pdf
CPW suggests visiting the following websites:
CPW’s CWD webpage: cpw.state.co.us/CWD
The Colorado Department of Public Health and
Environment website: www.colorado.gov/pacific/
cdphe/prion-diseases
CWD Alliance webpage: cwd-info.org
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
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All Front Range communities are home to coyotes. These clever canids have readily adapted to our food and habitat-rich
environments. Colorado Parks & Wildlife (CPW) wants to help you avoid conflicts with coyotes in your neighborhood.
<RXU�+RPH� �&R\RWHV
■ Never feed coyotes!
■ Remove attractants from your yard,
including pet food, water sources, bird
feeders and fallen fruit.
■ Secure trash in a container with a locking
lid or put trash out on the morning of
pick up.
■ Fully enclose gardens and compost piles.
■ Trim up vegetation to reduce hiding
places.
■ Deter coyotes from entering your yard
with a 6-foot privacy fence.
Coyotes range in size from 20 to 50 lbs. They may
travel alone or in groups. Coyotes typically eat
rodents, rabbits and fruit, but they will eat small
pets if the opportunity exists. They have their
pups in dens — a hidden cavity that can be under
rocks, stumps, ground or even porches. Coyote
attacks on humans are very rare and can often be
attributed to people feeding them. Adults should
teach children to never approach any wildlife.
■ Work with your neighbors to discourage
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■ Keep pets on a 6-foot leash when
walking.
■ Never allow your pets to “play”
with a coyote.
■ Pick up small pets if confronted by
a coyote.
■ Do what you can to discourage a
coyote’s approach— yell, stomp your
feet, throw small rocks or sticks at it.
■ Always supervise your pet when
outside, especially at dawn and dusk.
■ Never leave cats or dogs outside
after dark.
coyotes in your entire community.
■ If you must leave your pet outside,
■ If you meet a coyote, make it feel
secure it in a fully enclosed kennel.
unwelcome by yelling, throwing rocks
and sticks at it, spraying it with a hose or
a vinegar-filled water gun, or banging
pots and pans.
Questions or concerns regarding
wildlife in your area? Call the
CPW at 303-291-7227.
&R\RWH�&RQÁLFWV�,Q�<285�1HLJKERUKRRG�
All Front Range communities are home to coyotes. These clever canids have readily adapted to our food and habitat-rich
environments. Colorado Parks & Wildlife (CPW) wants to help you avoid conflicts with coyotes in your neighborhood.
<RXU�+RPH� �&R\RWHV
■ Never feed coyotes!
■ Remove attractants from your yard,
including pet food, water sources, bird
feeders and fallen fruit.
■ Secure trash in a container with a locking
lid or put trash out on the morning of
pick up.
■ Fully enclose gardens and compost piles.
■ Trim up vegetation to reduce hiding
places.
■ Deter coyotes from entering your yard
with a 6-foot privacy fence.
Coyotes range in size from 20 to 50 lbs. They may
travel alone or in groups. Coyotes typically eat
rodents, rabbits and fruit, but they will eat small
pets if the opportunity exists. They have their
pups in dens — a hidden cavity that can be under
rocks, stumps, ground or even porches. Coyote
attacks on humans are very rare and can often be
attributed to people feeding them. Adults should
teach children to never approach any wildlife.
■ Work with your neighbors to discourage
<RXU�3HW� �&R\RWHV
■ Keep pets on a 6-foot leash when
walking.
■ Never allow your pets to “play”
with a coyote.
■ Pick up small pets if confronted by
a coyote.
■ Do what you can to discourage a
coyote’s approach— yell, stomp your
feet, throw small rocks or sticks at it.
■ Always supervise your pet when
outside, especially at dawn and dusk.
■ Never leave cats or dogs outside
after dark.
coyotes in your entire community.
■ If you must leave your pet outside,
■ If you meet a coyote, make it feel
secure it in a fully enclosed kennel.
unwelcome by yelling, throwing rocks
and sticks at it, spraying it with a hose or
a vinegar-filled water gun, or banging
pots and pans.
Questions or concerns regarding
wildlife in your area? Call the
CPW at 303-291-7227.
�Colorado Parks & Wildlife
Denver Service Center
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
(303) 291-7227
http://www.cpw.state.co.us
Colorado Parks & Wildlife wants to help you avoid conflicts
with coyotes in your neighborhood. Please read and use the tips on
this postcard or learn more on the web at www.cpw.state.co.us
'LG�\RX�NQRZ"
are active year-round and become more visible
■ Coyotes
during their breeding season, which occurs from
February through March.
■
Coyotes can be seen throughout the day, but are especially
active at dawn and dusk.
■
Coyotes are highly adaptable and can live and den in
parks and yards.
■
Coyotes may perceive other animals, including pets, as
a threat, competition, or food.
■
Coyotes keep watch near their dens to keep threats away
from their young.
■
Coyotes are curious and are known to stare at humans.
They sometimes follow humans out of natural curiosity
or to keep them away from their pups.
Colorado Parks & Wildlife
Denver Service Center
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
(303) 291-7227
http://www.cpw.state.co.us
Colorado Parks & Wildlife wants to help you avoid conflicts
with coyotes in your neighborhood. Please read and use the tips on
this postcard or learn more on the web at www.cpw.state.co.us
'LG�\RX�NQRZ"
are active year-round and become more visible
■ Coyotes
during their breeding season, which occurs from
February through March.
■
Coyotes can be seen throughout the day, but are especially
active at dawn and dusk.
■
Coyotes are highly adaptable and can live and den in
parks and yards.
■
Coyotes may perceive other animals, including pets, as
a threat, competition, or food.
■
Coyotes keep watch near their dens to keep threats away
from their young.
■
Coyotes are curious and are known to stare at humans.
They sometimes follow humans out of natural curiosity
or to keep them away from their pups.
�
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Coyote Home Audit Checklist
Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW), Area 5
Is your yard free of coyote attractants? These are the most common attractants in developed areas.
Common Attractants
OK FIX
Ways to Mitigate
FOOD
NEVER feed wildlife!
Pet food
Never feed pets outdoors; store all pet foods securely
Indoors.
Water sources
Exclude pet bowls, bird baths, fountains, and ponds,
especially those containing fish.
Bird feeders
Remove bird feeders or clean up fallen seed to reduce the
presence of small mammals that coyotes prefer to eat.
Place bird feeders so that only birds can access them.
Fallen fruit
Clean up fallen fruit from around trees.
Gardens and compost
Fully enclose gardens and compost piles.
BBQ Grills
Burn food off barbeque grills and clean after each use.
Trash
Secure all trash containers with locking lids. Periodically
clean cans to reduce residual odors.
Put trash out on morning of pick-up.
LANDSCAPING
Trim vegetation to reduce hiding places and potential
denning sites.
Restrict access under decks, around woodpiles, or any
other structure that can provide cover or denning sites for
coyotes or their prey.
FENCING
Enclose property with a 6-foot fence, preferably with an
additional extension or roller-top, to deter coyotes.
PETS
Always supervise your pet when outside, especially dusk
through dawn.
Never allow pets to “play” with coyotes.
Fully enclose outdoor pet kennels.
Walk pets on a 6-foot leash.
CPW encourages you to take steps to eliminate attractants and participate in hazing
efforts on your property (hazing would include yelling or throwing objects at coyotes that
come onto your property or that approach too closely) in order to minimize conflicts with
coyotes. CPW also urges you to share this information with friends, neighbors and
your community since minimizing conflicts is most effective when the entire neighborhood
is working together.
303-291-7227
December 2011
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C OL OR A D O
PA R K S
&
W I L DL I F E
Coyotes Are Active
In This Area
Coyotes in populated areas are typically less fearful of people.
They have been known to attack pets and approach people too
closely. Please read and share these tips with your children.
If a Coyote Approaches You:
■ Do not run or turn your back
■ Be as big and loud as possible
■ Wave your arms and throw objects
■ Face the coyote and back away slowly
■ If attacked, fight back
Protect Your Pets:
■ Keep pets on a short leash
■ Use extra caution dusk through dawn
■ Avoid known or potential den sites
and thick vegetation
■ Do not allow dogs to interact with coyotes
Be Prepared!
If You Have Concerns About an Encounter With A Coyote:
■ Recreate during daylight hours
■ Walk with a walking stick
■ Keep a deterrent spray handy
■ Carry noise makers or rocks to throw
Call your local Parks & Wildlife office or
Denver headquarters at (303) 297-1192 or visit
www.cpw.state.co.us to learn more about coyotes.
�
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C O L O R A D O
P A R K S
&
W I L D L I F E
Fact Sheet
MEDIA QUICK GUIDE
Colorado’s Declining Mule Deer Population
and CPW’s Proposed Predator
Management Strategy
Purpose and Background
The Commission has approved three other predator control plans since revising its
predator management policy in 2007. Approval was granted in 2011 to remove individual mountain lions preying on translocated desert bighorn sheep in the Middle Delores
River, due west of Montrose near the Utah border. The Commission also approved in
2011 a two-year proposal to remove mammalian predators in the Miramonte Basin,
about half way between Telluride and Utah to increase the recruitment of juvenile
Gunnison sage-grouse. Finally, approval was granted in 2013 to remove mountain lions
preying on Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep translocated to the area of the Hayman
burn near Cheesman Reservoir, southwest of Castle Rock.
© CPW FILE PHOTO
December 14th Commission Meeting in Ft. Collins
The purpose of this Commission meeting is to act on CPW’s staff request to approve
two predator management research proposals, per the Commission’s 2007 policy on
mammalian predator management.
Mule deer fawn
Mule Deer in Colorado
Mule deer are an important wildlife species to the state of Colorado and a large number of communities across the state for a variety of
reasons including hunting, wildlife viewing and associated economic benefits.
Although mule deer populations are doing well in some areas of the state, their numbers are well below the population objective established
for the Piceance Basin, (adjacent to the Roan Plateau – an area
with the largest mule deer herds in the state) and also below
objective in the upper Arkansas River valley.
CPW’s population objective for mule deer is approximately
560,000 statewide; the latest estimate puts the statewide population at under 450,000. CPW is not suggesting that the removal of
predators is the solution to increasing statewide deer numbers to
560,000. These two research projects are designed to evaluate the
extent to which predation is limiting deer population size in the
two specific study areas.
© CPW FILE PHOTO
In 2013, in response to a continued decline in mule deer numbers, CPW developed the West Slope Mule Deer Strategy. The
CPW Commission approved the strategy in December 2014.
CPW sought public input to develop the strategy, holding several public meetings across the state facilitated by an independent contractor to ensure objectivity and fairness.
Mule deer doe with three young fawns
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
�The West Slope Mule Deer Strategy contains seven components that address a variety of impacts to mule deer:
• Landscape‐scale habitat management to improve habitat
• Predator management where predation may be
limiting deer survival
• Protect habitat and mitigate development impacts
• Reduce the impacts of highways on mule deer
survival, movement and migration
• Reduce the impacts of human recreation on mule deer
• Regulate doe harvest and provide youth opportunity
© DAVID HANNIGAN
• Maintain a strong ungulate population and disease
monitoring program and conduct applied research to
improve management of deer populations
CPW will implement each component of the West Slope Mule
Deer Strategy when and where appropriate as funding allows.
CPW’s Research-based Predator Management Strategy
Colorado Parks and Wildlife is a science‐based wildlife management agency, employing some of the top researchers and
wildlife managers in the world. Research projects are compre-
Mountain lion
hensive, detailed and subject to scientific peer review.
The science on the impacts of predators on other wildlife populations is not clear cut or conclusive, contrary to recent claims – CPW would
like to make a significant contribution to that body of scientific wildlife knowledge.
Science
A paper published in 2012 in Mammal Review by Forrester and Wittmer reviewed 48 studies on mule deer survival and predation from the
past 30 years and quantified age-specific vital rates, population growth rates and causes of mortality. The authors wrote that:
• “The relative contributions of predation, forage availability and weather to observed [deer] population changes remains unclear and
controversial”
• “Results of predator control studies remain variable”
• “Predation was the largest proximate cause of mortality in both adults and fawns in all studies, including in fawns during winter”
• “the true effect of summer fawn predation in mule
deer dynamics is currently hard to identify”
• “Increasing wolf populations in Vancouver Island
also caused a decline in high-density black-tailed deer
population, and the predator removal study that was
conducted was successful in increasing deer populations”
• “the role of predation in multi-prey, multi-predator
systems at varying deer population densities needs
further investigation”
Black bear
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
© CPW FILE PHOTO
• “suppression of both fawn and adult survival
simultaneously from predation and other mortality
sources can lead to marked and sustained population
declines”
�Other Theories
Ongoing CPW scientific research in the Piceance Basin has revealed that lack of quality deer habitat is not limiting this mule deer population, contrary to recent claims.
The Piceance Basin in northwest Colorado represents winter range supporting the largest migratory mule deer population in the state. This
area has been the focus of research and monitoring efforts since the late 1940’s and represents one the best documented mule deer populations in North America. Due to historic mule deer population declines, the Commission reduced total mule deer licenses in the area by 85
percent since 2007 and female licenses specifically have been reduced by about 99 percent; current license allocation in GMU 22 consists of
only 590 antlered deer and 20 antlerless deer licenses. Hunting is not the cause of the mule deer population decline.
Rationale
Based on CPW scientific data, researchers theorize that predation of young fawns in the spring in the Piceance Basin is the limiting factor
and CPW proposes to determine if reducing predator numbers in that specific area can result in increased numbers of deer.
With regard to the upper Arkansas, managers and researchers theorize that predation of adult does and fawns over the winter months have
limited this mule deer population in the past.
Since 1999, the leading cause of known mortality on mule deer in the Arkansas Valley has been mountain lions. From 2008 to 2012, higher
than normal rates of mountain lion predation were consistent with lower adult survival rates. The exact cause of these elevated predation
rates is unknown, but they could be associated with lion harvest quotas not being achieved during this time period. Like the Piceance
proposed study area, insufficient habitat is not considered to be a significant factor in fawn survival rates because biologists have only
documented minimal numbers of mule deer in these management units dying of starvation or suffering malnutrition.
Predation on deer by lions and bears is natural, but today’s ecological systems do not function completely naturally, therefore management
intervention is sometimes required to compensate for natural and manmade landscape changes – CPW is not proposing to completely
eradicate predators.
CPW is regularly called upon to help resolve human‐bear conflicts in Colorado and these conflicts occur to a large degree because of an
ever‐increasing number of people which further alters the natural system.
© CPW FILE PHOTO
Impact
Overall numbers of bears and mountain lions in the population units that include the Piceance study area should be minimally impacted
(anticipate removing about one percent of the lion population and two percent of the bear population). The predator treatment area represents 6 percent of mountain lion population management unit and 16 percent of black bear population unit. Furthermore, the proposed
reductions are consistent with the current mountain lion management objective in this rural area - to maintain relatively low predator
densities to reduce livestock conflicts. This area is currently one of four mountain lion population management units (out of 19 lion units
statewide) managed to minimize livestock conflicts.
Two does
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
�The total number of mountain lions removed during the
proposed nine-year upper Arkansas River research project
is not expected to differ significantly from the number of
lions that hunters would remove from the study area during the same nine-year period if the research proposal was
not implemented. If anything, the overall number of lions
removed during the study is likely to be lower than what
would have occurred by hunting alone.
Public Outreach
CPW initially proposed the Arkansas River predator management project to the Parks and Wildlife Commission at
its meeting in Craig in September 2015. Based on public
comment, CPW postponed seeking Commission approval
(initially scheduled for the November 2015 meeting in Wray)
Black bear
to revise the proposal based on public input and to include
a second research project in the Piceance Basin. At its June
2016 meeting in Pueblo, the Commission approved a reduction in mountain lion hunting quotas necessary to implement the Arkansas River research project, pending final Commission approval of the research plan at the December 2016 Commission meeting. At its
August 2016 meeting in Montrose, the Commission received an update on the timeline for considering the two proposed research
projects. CPW also held three public meetings specifically about the proposed research projects in addition to the three public Commission meetings. A meeting was held in Salida on August 15, in
Rifle on August 16 and in Denver on September 19.
In 2005, the Colorado Division of Wildlife funded a statewide
survey of public opinions and perceptions of mountain lions by
Corona Research, Inc. Some of the relevant findings were:
88.1 percent supported research to learn more about mountain
lion populations
Fifty-seven percent of respondents generally believed mountain
lions to be common in Colorado
A majority (61 percent) of respondents believed mountain lion
populations were stable or increasing in size as opposed to declining (22 percent).
© WAYNE D. LEWIS
© CPW FILE PHOTO
Lion and bear populations remain robust in the state ‐ the
overall number of lions and bears removed as part of this
study is very small when compared to both (Piceance and
upper Arkansas) local populations and when compared
to populations across the state (statewide lion population
estimate is 4,500 ‐ 5,500 and bear population estimate is
17,000 to 20,000).
Mule deer
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
�
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Coyote Exclusions, Deterrents and Repellents
Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW), Area 5
CPW has compiled this list as a tool for homeowners to utilize when trying to
minimize conflicts with coyotes. The following exclusion techniques, deterrents, and
repellents were gathered from various internet searches and written source reviews.
CPW has not tested these products for their effectiveness nor endorses any particular
product/method. Residents are encouraged to do their own research on additional
tools that may be available.
The following items are allowed by state law. Items that have restrictions, or require permitting, are also
mentioned below; however, some of these items may not be allowed by local homeowner’s associations or by
city and/or county ordinances. Thus, we encourage homeowners to contact their local jurisdictions before
utilizing these tools or products.
CPW encourages homeowners to take steps to eliminate attractants, minimize conflicts, and participate in
hazing efforts on their properties. We also encourage residents to share this information with neighbors,
friends, and their homeowner’s associations, since minimizing coyote conflicts is most effective when the
entire neighborhood works together.
1.) How can I make my yard less attractive to coyotes?
Hazing efforts, deterrents, and repellents will be more effective on coyotes if coyote attractants are removed
or excluded from residential neighborhoods first. Thus, we encourage the following:
Never feed coyotes! Report neighbors that are feeding.
Remove all food and water sources from your yard. This may include pet bowls, birdfeeders, fallen
fruit, barbecue grills, and trash.
All trash should be contained in trash containers and stored indoors with secure lids. Trash should not
be placed on the curb until the morning of pickup. Encourage your community to utilize wildlife-proof
trash containers on school grounds, in parks, and in open space areas.
Keep cats indoors.
Pets should be supervised when outside and should only be left unattended when they are secured in a
kennel with a covered top.
Trim vegetation and mow tall grass; remove or thin brush and rubbage piles so as to eliminate cover
for coyotes and their prey.
Avoid feeding birds. Coyotes will eat the birdseed as well as the birds and rodents attracted by the
feeder.
Secure livestock and poultry with wildlife-proof fencing with a secured top.
� Completely enclose gardens and compost piles with fencing.
Seal-up openings under porches, decks, and sheds with welded wire that is buried at least 18 inches
below the ground.
Homeowners can encourage local entities to screen culverts and open drainage systems near homes,
schools or trails so coyotes cannot access these areas for potential den sites or thoroughfares.
Please call for a copy of the brochure titled Your Guide to Avoiding Human-Coyote Conflicts for more
information.
2.) How can I deter coyotes from my property?
The following items may help repel or deter coyotes away from your yard. Some items are squirted through
squirt bottles or placed on rags and placed in the area(s) you want the animal(s) repelled from. Others are just
placed out periodically if coyotes begin to frequent an area.
Radios, strobe lights, sirens or odor deterrents may help deter the presence of coyotes:
Electronic Guard EG consists of strobe lights and sirens run by a timer. Produced by the United States
Department of Agriculture Wildlife Research Center to protect sheep from coyote predation.
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_wseguard.html
Human scent (cologne/perfume). Must be re-applied over time/after rain.
The Guardian ™ deterrent emits different noise frequencies to ward off unwanted wildlife.
http://www.pestrepellerultimate.com/guardian.htm
Ammonia-soaked rags or apply to an area with a squirt bottle. Must be re-applied
over time/after rain.
Motion lighting, strobe lighting, and blinking holiday lights.
Scarecrow®
Scarecrow ®-a motion detector sprinkler system that shoots a three second
blast of water when motion is sensed. http://www.contech-inc.com/
Other odor deterrents (such as cayenne pepper or vinegar in water guns or balloons, etc).
Must be re-applied over time/after rain.
Phantom Deterrent (lion hiss) – Electronic animal deterrent which emits cougar sounds at timed
intervals at night. http://www.qawebsites.com/buyphantomdeterrents.htm
Grannick’s Bitter Apple® taste deterrent. http://www.bitterapple.com/
� Ropel spray- to help reduce damage caused by chewing or gnawing animals, rodents and birds.
http://www.nixalite.com
Wildlife Deterrent Recipes:
Wildlife Repellent Recipe by Carol Martino: 1 whole Spanish onion, 1 jalapeno pepper and 1
tablespoon cayenne pepper. Chop up onion and pepper and mix all ingredients together. Boil
in 2 quarts of water for 20 minutes. Let cool. Strain water into a container. Spray areas
outside where you want wildlife deterred.
Magic Formula by Jerry Baker: 8 oz. of any liquid dish soap, 8 oz. of castor oil and one gallon of
water. Combine Castor oil and soap until well mixed, then add to one gallon of water and spray
entire area in which you want wildlife deterred.
Lora’s recipe: Combine bottle of distilled vinegar and Tabasco Sauce. Spray entire area in
which you want wildlife deterred or place out on rags.
3.) Can I keep coyotes out of my yard?
Coyotes are incredibly intelligent and adaptable and keeping them out of a yard is extremely difficult.
However, by minimizing attractants and utilizing exclusion techniques, their access can be minimized:
A six-foot fence may discourage coyotes from entering your yard but it will not fully exclude them.
A six-foot fence can be improved upon in two ways. First, add a buried apron, approximately 18 inches
deep, so coyotes can’t dig under. Secondly, add a roller (see Coyote Roller below) or fence extension.
Fence extensions can prohibit coyotes from jumping over a 6-foot fence. The top of the fence should
consist of woven-wire extending out from the top of the fence approximately 15 inches.
Add outward extensions to the top of the fence
Bury apron, or use outward ground apron, to help
prevent coyotes from digging under the fence
Example of a fencing extension
Close all pet doors at night to exclude coyotes, and other wildlife, from your house.
Utilize dog runs/kennels with a covered top.
� Coyote Roller- Rollers that can be applied to the top of a six foot fence to eliminate a foot-hold
necessary for coyotes to clear the fence.
http://www.coyoteroller.com/home
The Coyote Roller
4.) How do I haze coyotes out of my yard/away from me?
Scare/haze coyotes out of your yard or away from you if they approach too closely. Hazing efforts will be less
effective on coyotes if attractants are not removed or excluded. Share this information with neighbors,
friends and your homeowner’s association since hazing efforts are most effective when the entire
neighborhood works together. If you are removing attractants and hazing coyotes from your property, but
your neighbor is attracting coyotes, your efforts will be futile. The below items are most effective if multiple
and various techniques are employed:
If you are approached by a coyote, do not run or turn your back on it. Be as big and loud as possible.
Wave arms and yell in an authoritative voice.
Turn on sprinklers or spray coyotes with a garden hose.
Spray coyotes with a water gun filled with water or vinegar.
Throw rocks, sticks, tennis balls or anything else you can find.
Bang pots and pans together.
Slingshot
Sling a rock using a slingshot.
Turn on flood lights.
Shake or throw a Coyote Shaker, which is a soda can filled with pennies or pebbles and sealed with
duct tape.
http://www.ci.paradise-valley.az.us/index.aspx?NID=105
Make noise with an air horn, whistle, starter pistol or other noise maker.
Spray coyote with pepperspray. Read all warning labels before use.
Spray coyote with citronella spray such as the Sprayshield™ product.
http://www.premierpet.com/
Sprayshield™
Utilize a paintball gun to scare them off. The intent is to scare, not injure them. An injured coyote can
cause more conflicts in your neighborhood.
�5.) How can I protect my pets from coyotes?
Keep pets on a leash
See all above recommendations for additional ideas.
Remove all attractants from your yard (see section #1).
Utilize exclusionary fencing (see section #3).
Walk pets on a 6 foot leash at all times.
Keep cats indoors. If you choose to have outdoor cats (not recommended), install cat posts
(see below) and bring cats inside at night.
Install cat posts for outside cats. Posts should be at least 7 feet tall and made out of a material that a
cat can climb, with enough space on top for the cat to sit.
Pets should not be left unattended outside unless in a kennel with a secured top.
Close all pet doors at night to exclude coyotes, and other wildlife, from your house.
Do not allow your pets to “play” or interact with wildlife.
6.) What should I do if I am concerned about encountering a coyote?
Coyotes live statewide and you may encounter one anywhere. Be prepared!
Be alert of your surroundings and keep children and pets nearby.
Know what to do if a coyote approaches you (see section #4).
Plan activities during daylight hours when coyotes are less active.
Walk with a walking stick.
Keep a deterrent spray handy.
Carry a noise maker or rocks to throw.
Avoid known or potential den sites and thick vegetation.
7.) What do I do to protect my livestock from coyotes?
Corrals, high fencing, electric fencing, pasture selection, herders, and guard animals (llamas, donkeys, and
guard dogs) may help with livestock protection. A more detailed list of tools for livestock protection can be
obtained through the Department of Agriculture or by calling CPW and requesting a mailing with more
information specific to managing coyotes on agricultural lands.
�8.) What lethal control methods are available for coyotes?
Some of these items may not be allowed by local homeowner’s associations or by city and/or county
ordinances. Thus, we encourage homeowners to contact their local jurisdictions before utilizing these tools or
products. Any lethal control should target the specific coyote, or group of coyotes, causing the damage.
Please contact a CPW office to request the handout titled Nuisance Wildlife Laws in Colorado. This handout
covers the state laws in regards to lethal control of nuisance wildlife.
CPW classifies coyotes as a small game and furbearer species and can be hunted year round with an unlimited
bag and possession limit. Please contact a CPW office to request a copy of the current Small Game Brochure.
When causing damage, coyotes can be taken on private lands without a hunting license. The information
below is intended to provide property owners (which can include private property owners, homeowner’s
associations, park jurisdictions, municipalities and counties), and their agents, with tools that may be available
to them if lethal control is desired:
Live trapping followed by lethal control -- Relocation is not allowed
Shooting -- firearms/archery
Calling and shooting -- can use electronic or mechanical calls to lure coyotes within range
Gas cartridges for den removal -- must meet human safety or agriculture exemptions under state law
and have appropriate permit: contact the Department of Agriculture for more information
Sodium Cyanide used in M44 ejector device -- must meet human safety or agriculture exemptions
under state law and have appropriate permit: contact the Department of Agriculture for more
information
Leghold traps followed by lethal control/shooting --must meet human safety or agriculture exemptions
under state law and have appropriate permit
Snares followed by lethal control/shooting -- must meet human safety or agriculture exemptions under
state law and have appropriate permit
9.) What can I do if there is a coyote den nearby?
If the den is located in open space/park lands: Notify the managing authority for that property so they are
aware of the coyotes’ presence. Whoever manages the land can make the determination on whether they
want the den on their property or not. (Please note: coyotes hazed from their den site(s) will likely
find/create another den in close proximity which could be in a worse location than the first.) CPW can provide
signs that entities can post to notify people that coyotes are active in the area.
�If the den is located on private property: The homeowner makes the determination on whether they want the
den on their property or not. The landowner may choose to leave the den alone or haze the coyotes out of
the area and then destroy the den once the coyotes leave it.
For evicting coyotes from a den, use any legal hazing or deterrent method that will make the coyotes feel
unsafe and unwelcome. Coyotes typically choose dark, quiet and safe areas, thus methods that disrupt these
elements can be effective. Deterrents are typically most effective when applied in the evening, since coyotes
are most likely to move their young dusk through dawn. Ideas on deterrents to use by the den may include:
Placing bright lights by the den opening at night.
Throwing dog scat, or rags/tennis balls soaked in a deterrent such as ammonia, into the den opening.
Placing a loud radio (or other sound producing device) by the den entrance.
Be persistent…It may take several days for the coyotes to leave. Once the property owner believes the
coyotes are gone, the area outside the den opening can be saturated with water or covered in powder (talcum
powder, flour, etc). Once no tracks are observed going in or out of the den for a day or two, the den openings
can then be filled in.
If the coyotes are causing damage, the landowner may choose lethal control (see section #8).
10.) How can I get additional information?
For questions or information, please contact your local CPW office. The CPW Northeast Regional Office
covers the Denver Metro Area (Area 5) and the Northern Front Range and can be reached at (303) 291-7227.
You can also visit our website at www.wildlife.state.co.us. Additional CPW coyote materials you can request
include:
Your Guide to Avoiding Human-Coyote Conflicts, (CPW NE Regional Service Center
Brochure, 2009)
Nuisance Wildlife Laws in Colorado,(CPW handout, Area 5)
Most Commonly Asked Questions About Urban Coyotes, (CPW handout, Area 5)
Small Game Brochure, (CPW annual hunting brochure)
Coyote Home Audit Checklist, (CPW handout, Area 5)
�
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Coyote Home Audit Checklist
Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW), Area 5
Is your yard free of coyote attractants? These are the most common attractants in developed areas.
Common Attractants
OK FIX
Ways to Mitigate
FOOD
NEVER feed wildlife!
Pet food
Never feed pets outdoors; store all pet foods securely
Indoors.
Water sources
Exclude pet bowls, bird baths, fountains, and ponds,
especially those containing fish.
Bird feeders
Remove bird feeders or clean up fallen seed to reduce the
presence of small mammals that coyotes prefer to eat.
Place bird feeders so that only birds can access them.
Fallen fruit
Clean up fallen fruit from around trees.
Gardens and compost
Fully enclose gardens and compost piles.
BBQ Grills
Burn food off barbeque grills and clean after each use.
Trash
Secure all trash containers with locking lids. Periodically
clean cans to reduce residual odors.
Put trash out on morning of pick-up.
LANDSCAPING
Trim vegetation to reduce hiding places and potential
denning sites.
Restrict access under decks, around woodpiles, or any
other structure that can provide cover or denning sites for
coyotes or their prey.
FENCING
Enclose property with a 6-foot fence, preferably with an
additional extension or roller-top, to deter coyotes.
PETS
Always supervise your pet when outside, especially dusk
through dawn.
Never allow pets to “play” with coyotes.
Fully enclose outdoor pet kennels.
Walk pets on a 6-foot leash.
CPW encourages you to take steps to eliminate attractants and participate in hazing
efforts on your property (hazing would include yelling or throwing objects at coyotes that
come onto your property or that approach too closely) in order to minimize conflicts with
coyotes. CPW also urges you to share this information with friends, neighbors and
your community since minimizing conflicts is most effective when the entire neighborhood
is working together.
303-291-7227
December 2011
�
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C O L O R A D O
P A R K S
&
W I L D L I F E
How to Report a
Wolf Sighting in Colorado
Colorado Parks and Wildlife Managers have many tools to help monitor wolves in Colorado, such as GPS and radio collars, signs of tracks, hair and scat, and wolf sightings from
the public. Your information will help CPW monitor this species.
Have you seen a wolf?
Help Colorado Parks and Wildlife biologists monitor
wolves by filling out the Wolf Sighting Form. Whenever possible, please provide a photo or video, the exact
location coordinates, and other detailed information
for confirmation purposes. Your identity and the location of the sighting are protected by CPW and will not
be publicly shared.
How to identify a gray wolf
Gray wolves are about twice the size of coyotes. They
can measure up to 6 feet in length, including tail, and
stand approximately 30 inches in height at the shoulder. For more information, see the handout Coyote or
gray wolf: How to spot the differences.
Coyote
Gray Wolf
Submit a Wolf Sighting Form to
https://cpw.info/wolf-sighting.
Gray Wolf
profile
Coyote
Coyote
profile
profile
This photo was turned in anonymously by a member of the public
and informed CPW staff about the presence of this wolf in Colorado
that had migrated from Wyoming.
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
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C O L O R A D O
P A R K S
&
W I L D L I F E
Keeping Your Pets Safe
Where Wolves are Present
In most situations, people and wildlife can coexist. The key is to
respect the wildness of wildlife.
"Wildlife" is just that—wild. Most dangerous and potentially
harmful encounters occur because people fail to leave the animals alone. Gray wolves, like all wildlife in Colorado, should not
be harassed, captured, domesticated or fed.
Be alert and aware when recreating or living in the Colorado
backcountry. To prevent problems with wildlife, give distance,
keep calm and know your surroundings. It is important to
always keep a clean camp or home site to avoid attracting any
wildlife that might scavenge for food or prey upon other animals
that are attracted to these feeding opportunities.
To protect both pets and wildlife, pets should always be carefully
monitored by their owners in areas where they may encounter
native wildlife, such as national forests, open space areas, parks
and undeveloped parcels of land. Unsupervised dogs that stray
from their owner’s homes or from their handlers could be at risk
of creating conflicts with wildlife.
At home
• Never feed wildlife
• Keep an eye on your pet, especially at dawn and dusk
• Don’t leave dogs outside in an unprotected environment
overnight.
• Homeowners should not leave dog food outside and avoid
feeding wildlife near their homes.
In the field
• Be respectful of wildlife - Keep
dogs on a short (6 foot) leash or in
visual/auditory range and owners
should vocalize frequently, including the use of whistles.
• Be responsible - Dogs should be trained not to chase or approach wildlife and to return on commands.
• Know before you go - Understand what wildlife may be in the
area you like to recreate in and use extra caution recreating at
dawn and dusk when most wildlife are active.
• Place a bell or a beeping collar on wider ranging dogs.
Currently the wolf population in Colorado is minimal and
there is a very low likelihood of encountering a wolf in Colorado’s wild. However, owners of dogs need to be aware of the
potential risk if they are in or near known wolf populations or
encounter a lone wolf, especially when guarding or herding
livestock, hunting, accompanying hikers, or running at large.
Wolves will treat dogs as interlopers on their territories and
may attack, especially if the wolves have pups nearby. Wolves
are by nature territorial and guard their territory from other
canids, including coyotes and domestic dogs. Remember, it is
NOT legal to shoot at or attempt to injure or kill a wolf even
if a pet is threatened. Gray wolves in Colorado remain a state
endangered species and killing a wolf in Colorado is a crime
punishable with jail time, fines and/or the loss of license
privileges.
How can I protect my dogs in areas where wolves may be present?
Wolves are by nature territorial and guard their territory from other canids, including coyotes and domestic dogs. Hunters who
use dogs or anyone walking a dog where wolves are present should take steps to limit potential conflicts between their dog(s)
and a wild wolf.
• Keep dogs within view.
• Place a bell or a beeping collar on wider ranging dogs.
• Talk loudly to the dog or other people with you, or use whistles.
• Control the dog so that it stays close to you and wolves associate it with a human.
• Place the dog on a leash if wolves or fresh sign are seen.
• Remember, it is NOT legal to shoot at or attempt to injure or kill a wolf even if your pet is threatened.
Camping at Cheyenne Mountain State Park
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
8.21
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C O L O R A D O
P A R K S
&
W I L D L I F E
Lynx Reintroduction
JUNE 2014
Colorado’s Lynx Reintroduction Success
A year before the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the lynx as a threatened species
in 2000, the Colorado Division of Wildlife (now Colorado Parks and Wildlife - CPW)
started reintroducing lynx to the state. Over the next seven years, CPW brought 218 lynx
to Colorado and established a self-sustaining population.
Lynx Background
Lynx, (Lynx canadensis), are large members of the cat family with short tails and
distinctive black ear tufts that are as large as the animal’s ear. Often confused with the
bobcat (Lynx rufus), lynx have large feet and grayish coats without spots. Lynx tails are
entirely black while the underside of bobcat tails is white.
Lynx are solitary by nature and inhabit dense high altitude forests or willow-rich
mountain stream corridors. The huge feet enable lynx to easily traverse deep winter
snowfields in search of their preferred prey - snowshoe hare (Lepus americas). Lynx weigh
20-to-30 pounds and have a home range of up to 20 square miles
Lynx are native to North America, historically inhabiting forests in 25 states, including
Colorado. Lynx populations dropped steadily in the United States throughout the 1900s
due to unregulated trapping, widespread predator poisoning and habitat loss due to
logging and other development.
History of Lynx in Colorado
Lynx were established in Colorado’s high elevation forests prior to European settlement. In the early 1800s, commercial trappers sought the
thick fur, which sold for premium prices in the international market. The lynx population in Colorado dropped rapidly in the late 1800s
and early 1900s. Colorado’s last known lynx was illegally trapped near Vail in 1974, a year after the state listed the lynx as endangered.
Colorado’s Lynx Reintroduction Program
The CPW mission includes restoring species that are native to the state. In 1982, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) started work to
list lynx as a threatened species and declared the lynx a protected species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 2000. To be proactive,
CPW started work in the mid-1990s on a lynx reintroduction program.
In 1999, CPW brought the first 41 lynx from Canada and Alaska to the San Juan Mountains in southwest Colorado, where river valleys,
rugged mountains, and adequate snowshoe hares provided good habitat in the 5.2 million acre core reintroduction area. More than
200 lynx were brought to the area over several years and the reintroduction program established lynx as a self-sustaining population in
Colorado.
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 1313 Sherman, Suite 618, Denver, CO 80203 • (303) 866-3437 • cpw.state.co.us
�Highlights of CPW’s Lynx Reintroduction Research
All 218 Alaskan and Canadian lynx released in Colorado were fitted with radio and satellite collars, allowing researchers to monitor
movement patterns, survival, male and female proximity during breeding season, and female denning and births. A few highlights:
• After the initial 1999 release, four lynx died due to starvation. The next group of wild-caught lynx were held in captivity for a much
longer period and released later in the year when more natural food was available. Post-release survival rates improved dramatically.
• CPW released additional wild-caught lynx between 2003 and 2006 to encourage breeding, which had not occurred prior to 2003.
• Once the second set of reintroductions began in 2003, researchers documented the first 16 kittens born to the reintroduced lynx
during that year.
• Lynx reproduction varied widely from a high of 50 kittens in 2005 to no reproduction in 2007 and 2008, and back to 10 kittens in 2009
and 2010.
• In 2010, CPW declared that the reintroduction project met all benchmarks of success established prior to the start of the project. The
benchmarks included high survival rates after release, successful reproduction in released animals and animals born in the wild, low
mortality rates, and reproduction rates that are equal to or that exceed mortality rates over an extended period of time.
Additional CPW Lynx Research
• The lessons learned from reintroducing lynx in Colorado aided conservation efforts
for the critically endangered Iberian lynx in Spain and may aid in the potential
reintroduction of Eurasian lynx to the Scottish Highlands.
• CPW scientists are exploring how to use state-of-the-art non-invasive techniques, such
as remote camera surveillance and genetic analysis of lynx fur left in scat, to continue
monitoring the status of lynx throughout Colorado.
• CPW is collaborating with the U.S. Forest Service on a project to determine the impacts
of winter recreation on lynx.
• For more detailed information, visit the CPW website, www.cpw.state.co.us
Lynx Reintroduction Funding Partners
Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Great Outdoors Colorado, the Turner Foundation, the U.S.
Forest Service, Vail Associates and the Colorado Wildlife Heritage Foundation.
Lynx Reintroduction Project Partners
U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, Colorado State
University, the Colorado Natural Heritage Program, wildlife agencies in Washington,
Alaska, Montana, Maine, Minnesota, Wyoming, Utah and New Mexico, and the Canadian
government and trapping associations.
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 1313 Sherman, Suite 618, Denver, CO 80203 • (303) 866-3437 • cpw.state.co.us
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PA R Q U E S
Y
V I D A
S I L V E S T R E
D E
C O L O R A D O
Mantenga A Sus Mascotas Seguras
Cuando Haya Lobos Presentes
En la mayoría de las situaciones, las personas y la
vida silvestre pueden coexistir. La clave es respetar
la índole salvaje que tiene la vida silvestre.
La “vida silvestre” es justamente: salvaje. Los encuentros más
peligrosos y posiblemente dañinos ocurren porque las personas
no dejan en paz a los animales. A los lobos grises, como todos
los animales salvajes de Colorado, no se los debe acosar, capturar,
domesticar ni alimentar.
Para proteger tanto a las mascotas como a la vida silvestre, sus dueños
siempre deben supervisarlas atentamente en áreas donde puedan
toparse con vida silvestre nativa, como en los bosques nacionales,
las áreas de espacios abiertos, los parques y las parcelas de tierra no
desarrolladas. Los perros sin supervisión que se alejan de las casas
de sus dueños o de sus cuidadores podrían correr el riesgo de crear
conflictos con la vida silvestre.
En casa
▶ Nunca alimente a la vida silvestre
▶ Vigile a su mascota, especialmente al amanecer y anochecer
▶ No deje a los perros afuera en un ambiente desprotegido durante
la noche.
▶ Los propietarios de viviendas no deben dejar comida para perros
afuera.
En el campo
▶ Sea respetuoso con la vida silvestre: mantenga a los perros con
una correa corta (6 pies) o dentro del alcance visual o auditivo, y
los dueños deben hablar en voz alta con frecuencia o incluso usar
silbatos.
▶ Sea responsable: los perros deben estar entrenados para no
perseguir ni acercarse a la vida silvestre y para regresar cuando se
les ordene.
▶ Infórmese antes de ir: comprenda qué vida silvestre puede
haber en el área en la que desea pasar tiempo recreativo. Y, tenga
especial precaución al hacerlo al amanecer y anochecer, cuando la
mayoría de la vida silvestre está activa.
▶ Coloque una campana o un collar que emita pitidos en perros de
mayor alcance.
Hoy en día, la población de lobos en Colorado es mínima y existe una
probabilidad muy baja de encontrar un lobo en el hábitat natural de
Colorado. Sin embargo, los dueños de perros deben ser conscientes
de los posibles riesgos si se encuentran dentro de las poblaciones de
lobos conocidas o en sus inmediaciones, o si se encuentran con un
©KARL NACREÓN/ADOBE
Esté atento y sea consciente si pasa tiempo recreativo o si vive en el
campo de Colorado. Para prevenir cualquier problema con la vida
silvestre, tome distancia, mantenga la calma y conozca su entorno. Es
importante mantener siempre el campamento o lugar de residencia
limpio. De esta manera, no se atraen animales salvajes que puedan
buscar comida en la basura o cazar a otros animales que se sienten
atraídos por estas oportunidades de alimentación.
lobo solitario, especialmente cuando cuidan o pastorean ganado,
cazan, acompañan a excursionistas o corren en libertad.
Los lobos tratarán a los perros como intrusos en sus territorios y
pueden atacarlos, especialmente si los lobos tienen cachorros cerca.
Los lobos son territoriales por naturaleza y protegen su territorio
de otros caninos, incluidos los coyotes y los perros domésticos.
Recuerde, NO es legal dispararle, intentar herir o matar a un lobo,
incluso si una mascota está amenazada. Los lobos grises en Colorado
siguen siendo una especie en peligro de extinción en el estado y matar
a un lobo en Colorado es un delito punible con pena de cárcel, multas
y / o la pérdida de los privilegios de la licencia.
¿Cómo puedo proteger a mis perros
en áreas donde puede haber lobos?
Los lobos son territoriales por naturaleza
y protegen su territorio de otros caninos,
incluidos los coyotes y los perros domésticos.
Los cazadores que utilizan perros o las personas que pasean a
un perro donde hay lobos deben tomar medidas para limitar los
posibles conflictos entre su perro y un lobo salvaje.
▶ Mantenga a los perros a la vista.
▶ Coloque una campana o un collar que emita pitidos en
perros de mayor alcance.
▶ Hable en voz alta con el perro o con otras personas que
estén con usted, o utilice silbatos.
▶ Controle al perro para que permanezca cerca de usted, y
los lobos lo asocien con un humano.
▶ Coloque al perro con una correa si ve lobos o una señal
reciente de la presencia de uno.
▶ Recuerde, NO es legal dispararle, intentar herir o matar
a un lobo, incluso si su mascota está amenazada.
PARQUES Y VIDA SILVESTRE DE COLORADO • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
(I&E) V. 04/23/2024
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C O L O R A D O
P A R K S
&
W I L D L I F E
Moose Reintroduction
NOVEMBER 2013
Moose in Colorado
Moose Background
Moose, (Alces alces), are the largest members of the deer family and are found
in the northern regions of North America, Europe and Asia. Moose prefer
habitat near lakes, rivers or wetlands, where they feed on young plants including shrubs, aquatic plants, grasses, mosses, willow, and aspen.
In 2013, moose inhabited northern forests in 15 states. Twelve states – including Colorado - offered moose hunting. The moose in Colorado belong to the
Shiras subspecies, which are smaller than the subspecies found in Alaska and
Canada. Colorado’s adult moose can run 35 miles per hour, weigh up to 1,000
pounds and stand six feet tall at the shoulder.
History of Moose in Colorado
Historical records dating back to the 1850s indicate that moose wandered into
northern Colorado from Wyoming, but were transient and never established
a stable breeding population. Most of the historic sightings involved hunters
seeing and/or harvesting a single bull moose.
Moose Reintroduction
In the 1950s, Colorado wildlife officials considered bringing moose to the state. There were concerns, voiced at public meetings on a series
of proposals, that moose would compete with cattle and sheep on grazing land, and potentially damage local ecosystems and other wildlife
species. State wildlife managers advocated moose reintroduction because of the abundant habitat available and lack of natural predators.
During the 1960s and the early 1970s, the Colorado Division of Wildlife (now Colorado Parks and Wildlife) worked with the U.S. Forest
Service, the Bureau of Land Management, the National Park Service, the general public and local ranchers on selecting the North Park area
in the Routt National Forest near Walden as the site for the first moose reintroduction.
In 1978, state wildlife experts transplanted 24 male and female moose from Wyoming and Utah to create a breeding population in North
Park and provide hunting opportunities. Additional moose from Wyoming, Utah and Colorado’s own growing population were introduced
to other areas of western Colorado over the years. The project succeeded in creating new hunting opportunities and a popular wildlife
viewing option. The state legislature, in 1995, declared Walden the “Moose Viewing Capital of Colorado.”
By 2012, the reintroduction program had established a breeding population of about 2,300 moose in Colorado. Moose hunting is available
in 39 game management units (GMUs). There were 16,500 applicants for 219 moose hunting licenses and 185 moose were harvested in
2012. While the moose population in other states has declined, Colorado’s moose population continues to grow.
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
�Historical Highlights of Moose Reintroduction in Colorado
1978: North Park in Jackson County, near Walden
• 12 moose from Utah and 12 moose from Wyoming
• Dispersal: Boulder, Clear Creek, Gilpin, Grand, Larimer, Park, Routt and Summit Counties
1987: Laramie River Valley in northwestern Larimer County, near Glendevey
• 12 moose from Wyoming
• Dispersal: Boulder, Clear Creek, Gilpin and Park Counties
1991-1993: Upper Rio Grande River Valley in Mineral and Hinsdale Counties, near Creede
• 93 moose from Wyoming, Utah and North Park, Colorado
• Dispersal: Archuleta, Conejos, Gunnison, La Plata, Rio Grande, Saguache and San Juan Counties
2005-2007: Grand Mesa National Forest in Delta and Mesa Counties near Grand Junction
• 91 moose from Utah
• Dispersal: Eagle, Garfield, Gunnison, Mesa and Pitkin Counties
2009-2010: White River National Forest in Rio Blanco County near Meeker
• 19 moose from Utah and 20 from North Park
• Dispersal: Garfield, Moffat and Routt Counties
Reintroduction Partners: U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, Utah Department of Natural Resources,
Wyoming Game and Fish, hunter and angler fees, Safari Club International and many other non-profit organizations. Plains Exploration &
Production Company, Gunnison Energy Corporation., SG Interests, Ltd. have also contributed.
Recent Moose Conflicts
In recent years, moose-human conflicts have arisen as moose move into urban areas. Colorado Parks and Wildlife provides these tips for
avoiding conflicts:
• Keep a safe distance
• Move slowly
• Keep dogs on leashes
• Back off when moose put ears back, roll their eyes or appear aggressive
• Carry a wildlife pepper spray, UDAP or Counter Attack, to use if a moose becomes aggressive
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
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Most Commonly Asked Questions
About Urban Coyotes
1.) Why Are Coyotes Here In The City?
Coyotes have always been in the city, but reports of conflicts are on the rise. Residential areas provide habitat
(food, water, shelter and space) for coyotes. Plentiful food sources exist such as mice, rabbits, squirrels, and
voles. Urban coyotes have also learned to take advantage of the ample human-associated foods, such as
garbage, pet food, bird seed and compost piles. Some coyotes have also learned that unattended pets are an
easy food source. Shelter and water can be found in parks, yards and natural areas.
2.) Why Are Conflicts On The Rise?
Coyotes have learned to thrive in many urban areas. (Refer to #3, Can’t These Coyotes Be Captured And Taken
Back Where They Belong?) Coyotes have adapted to the easy life cities provide and as they continue to
habituate (lose their natural wariness of people due to ample habitat and close proximity to people without
negative consequences), coyote conflicts are likely to increase. It only takes one coyote (or one group of
coyotes with “bad" behavior) to cause problems within your neighborhood. And unfortunately, one person in
your neighborhood leaving attractants out or intentionally feeding coyotes or other wildlife can create that
“bad” behavior. Thus, minimizing conflicts typically requires a two-prong approach: 1.) Educating residents
on how their actions influence coyote behavior, and 2.) Getting a community commitment to remove
attractants and haze coyotes that approach people too closely.
3.) Can’t These Coyotes Be Captured And Taken Back Where They Belong?
Urban coyotes are where they belong. Multiple generations of coyotes have been born and raised in cities
and have adapted to the easy life (ample habitat with little to no human hazing) cities provide them. Although
there are varying opinions on whether coyotes should be in the city, the reality is cities provide (and always
will) the habitat required to support coyote populations.
4.) What Attracts Coyotes To My Yard Or Neighborhood?
Availability of their natural food sources and ample access to garbage, pet food, and birdfeeders attracts
coyotes to our neighborhoods. In addition, some residents illegally place food out for coyotes, which
compounds the problem. Some coyotes have also discovered pets are easy prey. Because sport trapping was
banned in Colorado by ballot initiative and hunting is not feasible in cities, urban areas are safe-havens for
coyotes. Very few residents and neighborhoods take steps to deter or haze coyotes away from them. As more
and more coyotes have been welcomed into the city and adapted to the presence of humans, they have also
lost their natural wariness of us. Thus, it is easier for a coyote to make a living in urban areas than elsewhere.
5.) What Should I Do If I Am Approached By A Coyote?
Do not run or turn your back on a coyote. Be as big and loud as possible. Wave your arms, clap your hands
and throw objects at the coyote. Shout in a loud authoritative voice. If the coyote does not leave the area,
face the coyote and slowly back away.
�6.) There Are Too Many Coyotes In The City. Can’t We Reduce Their Numbers?
Cities provide ample habitat for coyotes. They have adapted to not only live, but to thrive, in residential
communities. The availability of habitat dictates how many coyotes are in an area. With collaborative efforts,
we can influence people’s actions and coyote behavior. It’s important to know your city is not the only place
dealing with coyote conflicts. Many eradication programs have been attempted in other North American
cities and all have proven expensive failures. Even the best eradication efforts cannot remove all the coyotes
and research has proven such eradication will cause the remaining coyotes to increase reproduction, creating
larger litters. Thus, removal programs lead to increased reproduction by the remaining coyote populations
and populations quickly meet or exceed pre-control numbers. “To suppress a coyote population over the long
term, more than 75% of the coyotes would need to be removed annually.” (Connolly & Longhurst 1975)
7.) Why Can’t Colorado Parks And Wildlife (CPW) Just Kill The Coyotes That Are Killing Our
Pets?
It can be difficult to accept, but some pets can be seen as a food source to coyotes and large dogs can be seen
as a threat to their territory. Unattended pets may be at risk. Responsible pet ownership is key in reducing
coyote conflicts. Lethal control of coyotes preying on pets may be undertaken by landowners or city and
county agencies. State law allows landowners to take (kill) coyotes that are causing damage/conflicts on their
land. Be aware cities and counties may have more restrictive ordinances and laws. CPW in the Denver area
may intervene and attempt lethal action on coyotes posing a threat to human safety. For information on the
state laws regarding personal property and pets, please contact CPW. Please refer to #8, How Can I Protect
My Pets?
8.) How Can I Protect My Pets?
Keep your pet(s) current on vaccines.
Cat Owners: The best way to guarantee your cat’s safety is to keep it indoors. Cats allowed to roam face
potential death from cars, diseases, coyotes, foxes, raccoons, dogs, birds of prey (such as owls), and people.
Dog Owners: Always supervise your pets outside, especially at dawn and dusk. If you must leave your dog
outside, secure it in a fully enclosed kennel. Keep your pets on a short leash and never let them interact or
play with wildlife. Avoid known or potential den sites and thick vegetation where coyotes may seek cover.
Pick up small dogs when coyotes are visible.
9.) Can I Kill The Coyote That Keeps Coming Into My Yard?
State law allows landowners to take (kill) coyotes that cause damage/conflicts on their land. Cities and
counties may have more restrictive ordinances and laws prohibiting the use of a firearm. Coyotes are very
difficult to catch in a live trap, but this may be an option available within the city limits. However, relocation is
not an option, thus the coyote would have to be killed once captured. Some cities may give exemptions for
the discharge of firearms or some private trappers may be licensed for lethal injection. In the metro area, it
may be possible to contract with a private trapper who has a CPW permit (to remove coyotes caught in a live
trap out of the city and into an unincorporated area where the discharge of firearms is lawful) to help with
euthanasia. Your local city or county may have additional tools or resources available for you.
10.) How Do I Protect My Children?
Educate your children about the presence of urban wildlife and teach them to NEVER approach any animal,
wild or domestic, they don’t know. Teach them the steps mentioned under #5, What Should I Do If I am
Approached By A Coyote?, by teaching them to be S.M.A.R.T: S – Stop and don’t run; M – Make yourself look
bigger; A – Announce yourself (yell leave me alone!); R – retreat by backing away slowly; T – tell an adult.
�11.) When Are Coyotes A Risk To Me?
Coyotes are naturally curious but are usually timid animals and run away if confronted. If a coyote is too close
or approaches you, scare/haze it away. Refer to #5, What Should I Do If I Am Approached By A Coyote? If a
person is injured or attacked by a coyote, please call 911 immediately. Coyotes that exhibit dangerous
behavior towards people (such as raising its hackles, baring its teeth, or growling) should be reported to CPW.
Although rare, there are documented human attacks by coyotes. Most of these have been in association with
coyotes being fed by people. Please see #12, Is it Legal to Feed Coyotes?
12.) Is It Legal To Feed Coyotes?
CPW prohibits the feeding of coyotes in cities and discourages the feeding of ALL wildlife. There are some
cities in the surrounding Denver metro area that have additional ordinances against the feeding of wildlife.
Coyotes that associate humans with food may become demanding, aggressive, and unpredictable. Please
report individuals feeding coyotes to CPW.
13.) What CPW Resources Are Available To Help Me And My Neighbors?
CPW has educational/outreach products such as informational brochures, posters, signs, and other handouts.
The local District Wildlife Manager may assist in their respective jurisdictions by meeting with Home Owners’
Associations and attending community meetings. CPW can provide interested parties/local governments with
information on the use of hazing and other non-lethal methods for deterring coyotes. Volunteers may assist
with educating the public by distributing information and helping at educational outreach events. CPW
partners with local jurisdictions to protect human safety. Please contact CPW if you want more information
on how you can help disseminate coyote information in your neighborhood.
14.) I Have Observed Coyotes In My Neighborhood And Now I Am Afraid To Go Outside.
What Can I Do?
We live in a state with rich and diverse wildlife resources -- that’s why many people choose to call Colorado
home. Coyotes live statewide, so whether you live inside or outside of the city, you may see or encounter a
coyote. Having a general understanding of coyotes and other urban wildlife may help minimize some of the
fears you may have. Being prepared and educating yourself about local wildlife may also relieve some of the
concerns you have. Refer to # 13, What CPW Resources Are Available To Help Me And My Neighbors? Some
steps you can take to minimize a coyote encounter could include being aware of your surroundings and
carrying a walking stick or other deterrent. Deterrents can include rocks, vinegar in a water gun, paintballs,
airhorns or a repellent spray (such as Citronella or pepperspray). Contact your local authorities to ensure you
are using a legal method.
15.) My Neighbor Was Bitten By A Coyote While Walking His Dog. What Should He Do?
If a person is injured by a coyote, call 911 immediately. Any coyote displaying aggressive behavior towards
people should be reported immediately to the CPW office. Refer to #11, When Are Coyotes A Risk To Me?
16.) Why Not Sterilize Coyotes?
Although this method may sound like an easy task, it is not. Coyotes are very intelligent and are not an easy
predator to live trap. Some sterilization baits are being developed but their effectiveness has not been
proven. Placing these baits out in the city could impact other wildlife and pets. Past studies show sterilization
of coyotes is very costly, outweighing the limited results. New techniques are becoming available and further
research is needed.
�17.) Can Coyotes Be Trapped And Relocated?
CPW does not allow the relocation of coyotes for many reasons. Studies show coyote relocation is not
effective and a relocated coyote will often travel (and can trek up to 300 linear miles) back to their capture site
(Gehrt, 2006). Relocation is stressful and unsuccessful for a coyote (chances are it will be moved to another
coyote’s territory) and can also pose a risk to personnel. Disease spread is also a consideration with wildlife
relocation. Coyotes may be live trapped on private property but must be killed once captured. Trapping is a
short term fix; removing a coyote simply opens territory for other coyotes to move in. This practice is ongoing, costly, and ineffective. If you do not remove the attractants, you will not remove the problem. Refer to
#6, There Are Too Many Coyotes In The City. Can’t We Reduce Their Numbers?
18.) I Am Worried Because I Saw A Coyote Right Next To A School. What Can Be Done?
Children should be educated about coyotes and other urban wildlife. Refer to #10, How Do I Protect My
Children? Coyotes are numerous in cities and residential areas where schools are plentiful. The mere presence
of a coyote near a school does not equate to a human threat. However, if coyotes are exhibiting aggressive
behavior toward humans, please notify CPW or local authorities immediately.
19.) Are There Additional Helpful Resources?
Some additional CPW resources you can refer to include the following:
Your Guide to Avoiding Human-Coyote Conflicts, (CPW NE Regional Service Center Coyote
Brochure, 2009)
Coyote Home Audit Checklist, (CPW handout, Area 5)
Nuisance Wildlife Laws in Colorado, (CPW handout, Area 5)
Coyote Exclusions, Deterrents and Repellents (CPW handout, Area 5)
20.) Where Can I Go To Get More Information?
If you have additional questions or concerns about wildlife, or to request additional information, contact CPW
at (303) 291-7227. You can also visit our website at www.wildlife.state.co.us.
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Your Pet & Coyotes
All Front Range communities
are home to coyotes. These clever
canids have readily adapted to our
food and habitat-rich environments.
Colorado Parks & Wildlife wants
to help you avoid conflicts with
coyotes in your neighborhood.
■ Keep pets on a leash
when walking.
■ Never allow your pets
to “play” with a coyote.
■ Pick up small pets if
confronted by a coyote.
■ Do what you can to
discourage a coyote’s
approach — yell, stomp
your feet, throw small
rocks or sticks at it.
■ Always supervise
your pet when outside,
especially at dawn
and dusk.
■ Never leave cats or dogs
outside after dark.
■ Don’t leave food or
water outside for pets.
■ If you must leave your
pet outside, secure it in
a fully enclosed kennel.
Questions or concerns regarding
wildlife in your area? Call the
Colorado Parks & Wildlife Denver
office at 303-291-7227 or visit us
online at www.cpw.state.co.us
Willis Andersen
■ Keep your pets up to
date on vaccinations.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Fact Sheets
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Fact Sheet
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Description
An account of the resource
CPW Fact Sheets
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Mammals Fact Sheets
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Information (usually 1-2 pgs. ) about species and living with wildlife. Also referred to as flyers, handouts, or rack cards.</p>
<p>The collection includes many archival items (no longer used or published). Note the dates of publication.</p>
<h2>Titles:</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/e18e4d4af9e7cac7f85b1d6fdb3eab06.pdf">Attracting Birds, Not Bears_Help Keep Bears Wild (fact sheet 2012)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/cd2eccdf2bfddfa971f4b7c8ac215c16.pdf">Backcountry Camping in Black Bear Country (fact sheet 2009)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/4cd941261526b958875b7fc83e7ee2f6.pdf">Be Bear Aware In Colorado Bear Country (fact sheet coloring book 2006)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/4ba529ce6142fc2729a87eedc4dce38c.pdf">Bear Human Conflict Research (fact sheet 5.2014)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/b9329542323b4d2e9d3d37e77dd233f1.pdf">Bearproofing Your Home_Help Keep Bears Wild (fact sheet 2012)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/2a33edc9d5634a2f5c733fecb3e5e50c.pdf">Bearproofing Your Trash_Help Keep Bears Wild (fact sheet 2012)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/1b9bfe4c65e1bfc847c445c89a81b008.pdf">Chronic Wasting Disease in Colorado (fact sheet 11.2018)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/28bf8544e84889f962658944bab00a86.pdf">Coyote Conflicts in Your Neighborhood (fact sheet 2009)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/fe434100a9bc26e88708cd7768ff81c0.pdf">Coyote-Home-Audit-Checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/ad3bb24ab51e151a5c5240cad7fe71f6.pdf">Coyotes are Active in this Area (fact sheet n.d.)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/31c1451bee2e8868b8a08566236aaf12.pdf">Colorado's Declining Mule Deer Population and CPW's Proposed Predator Management Strategy (fact sheet n.d.)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/a0df633f8609fe15929be7527d160ad4.pdf">Coyote Exclusions Deterrents and Repellents (fact sheet n.d.)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/adb186b374dffc3b60c7536fc175da19.pdf">Coyote Home Audit Checklist (fact sheet 12.2011)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/1e2d55c71403570c85b40f616a7121a5.pdf">Coyote o lobo gris_ Cómo detectar las diferencias (fact sheet 4.2024)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/ef1ab22123d57a0d2ad46f58e3914758.pdf">Coyote or Gray Wolf_ How to Spot the Differences (fact sheet 3.2024)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/fa258b19b7fd89eec68eadb6c7e5eb99.pdf">Deterrents Can Teach Bears to Stay Away (fact sheet 2012)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/369e9b6ebef11af9119ec29a7d223b16.pdf">Elk & Moose Comparison (fact sheet 2007)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/ca2344275658e714cbb01d2c04fbda80.pdf">Home Audit Checklist_A Bear's Life Depends On It (fact sheet )</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/7bc0f8b797991d59834a2764677765cf.pdf">How to Report a Wolf Sighting in Colorado (fact sheet 2023)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/86cdaf4550d80c2eb39446aa0319da64.pdf">Keeping Your Pets Safe Where Wolves are Present (fact sheet 3.2024)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/d498eb073a14ad1cf2b2cf1256e2ab66.pdf">Keeping Your Pets Safe Where Wolves are Present (fact sheet 8.2021)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/89a44a8853a9aa52f0ccdaafd2877035.pdf">Lynx Reintroduction (fact sheet 6.2014)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/c41bd7c681d202eb41121ba512ed2a85.pdf">Mantenga a sus mascotas seguras cuando haya lobos presentes (fact sheet 4.2024)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/c16b803608d51edee7d829b4be12966f.pdf">Moose Reintroduction (fact sheet 11.2013)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/2ae6348152b45bcef860e547a523e385.pdf">Most Commonly Asked Questions About Urban Coyotes (fact sheet n.d.)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/a3d478ac34411702a3bfe8e171da4b79.pdf">Mule Deer in Northwest Colorado (fact sheet 2.2014)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpvw.cvlcollections.org/items/show/644">Threatened and endangered species of Colorado: fact sheets</a> (27 fact sheets, 1993)</li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/ce19b4a4afa75a630cbbff7695a047ea.pdf">Unwelcome Mats_Help Keep Bears Wild (fact sheet)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/36fe5af44dc22248e9125c8c0d251e8a.pdf">Wildlife Reporting and Your Privacy (fact sheet 5.2024)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/8f21b3a8829a48acf163a59cdf299d4b.pdf">Your Pet and Coyotes (fact sheet 2009)</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Related Collection</h2>
<p><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/items/show/617">Mammals Brochures</a></p>
<p>Print copy located in CPW Research Library: FILE Fact Sheets Mammals</p>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - NON-COMMERCIAL USE PERMITTED</a>