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https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/865ca0d0d08bec92663ae926d6951206.pdf
a402133f174b8d61672bb592f15b3327
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The Birds an the Bears
Hibernation: A Key to
Bear Behavior
During the winter, a bear's natural food sources
dwindle, so bears hibernate to cope with being unable
to eat A bear's hibernation period is also known
as torpor, denning or winter lethargy. Unlike a true
hibernator, bears can be stimulated to wake anytime
during these inactive months. In the fall, bears ente r a
period of compulsive overeating (hyperphagia).
Th ey start feeding for 22 hours a day and need to gain
20,000 calories a day to sur vive hibernation. That's
equivalent to eating 37 McDonald's Big Macs a day!
After hyperphagia, bears enter the extreme sport of
hibernation. They crawl into their winter dens as their
body processes begin to shu l down.
A hibernating bear:
®
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Every year in Colorado, we have the joy of viewing
many types of "backyard" birds at bird feeders. What
most people dorit know is that bird feeders (seed, suet
and hummingbird ) are also very attractive to bears.
In fact, bird Feeders are so attractive that bears will
go to great lengths to gain access to them including
climbing decks, climbing across pulley ropes and
tearing down iron pole holders.
Bird feeders are so appealing to bears because they are
convenient calorie sources. A bear's entire life revolves
around gaining enough weight to survive hibernation
and bird feeders are full of calories.
It's also much easier to pull down a bird feeder than it
is to forage for natural foods like berries, insects and
nuts in a bear's natura l. habitat.
T
t
Will not eat, drink, urinate or defecate for
approximately 200 days.
Experiences a 50-60% drop in their
normal hear t rate and metabofism.
Can Jose 20-27% of heir otal body weight.
SAVE ALIFE, DON'T FEED WILDLIFE
Feeding big-game animals, like bears, is bad for
animals and dangerous for people. People feed wildlife
because they want to see them or think wildlife needs
our help to survive. However, feeding wildlife is more
harmful than helpful.
► Feeding wild animals can change their natural
behavior and cause them to become habituated,
demanding and/or dangerous.
► A habituated bear can escalate its behavior and
start breaking into vehicles, garages and homes.
► Concentrating animals can lead to the spread of
diseases, plus feeding big-game animals, like bears,
is illegal in Colorado.
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE REGIONAL FIELD OFFICES
CPW offices are open Monday-Friday, 8a.m. to
5 p.m. For after-hours emergencies, contact the
Colorado State Patrol at (303) 239-450 I or your local
Sheriff's Department.
Brush . . . . .. .. . ............. ....... (970) 842-6300
Colorado Springs . ............... .. (719) 227-5200
Denver ... .. . .. . . .. .. .... . . ....... (303) 291-7227
Durango . . ....... . .. . .. ......... . . (970) 247-0855
Ft. Collins . . .......... . . .. ... .. . . .. (970) 472-4300
Glenwood Springs . .. . .......... ... (970) 947-2920
Grand Junction . .. ....... .... .... . .. (970) 255-6100
Gunnison ... . ................ . .... {970) 641-7060
Hot Sulphur Springs ................ (970) 725-6200
Lamar . ...... . ....... .. ........... . (719) 336-6600
Meeker ........ . ..... .. ... . ........ (970) 878-6090
Monte Vista . ... .... . . . . ............ (719) 587-6900
Montrose ........................ . . {970) 252-6000
Pueblo ........ ..... . . ........... .. (719) 561-5300
Salida . . .... .. . . ..... . ..... .. ...... {719) 530-5520
Steamboat Springs . . ............ .. . . (970) 870-3333
This program receives Federal fin anc.ial assi tance- from the U.S. Fish and \\1i1dlife Service.
Under Title VI of the 1964 Civi l Rights An, Senlon 504 of th• Rehobilitot ian Act of 19i3,
Title 11 of thl· Ameri cans wiLh Disabilities Ac1of 1990, the Age- Discrimination Act of 19i5.
ar'ld Title IX of tht Educa1lon Amendm ents of 1972, the U.S. Department of the Interior
prnh ihiti. di scrimlna1lnn on 1h" h:tils: of race, color, nalional ori gin, age. sa. or dis., biljty.
If you belie,·e that you have been disc.rimin;:ited ilgainst in il ny program. activity, or facili ty,
or if you need. more information. please write to: O ffice of Divcrsit)', ln dt1sion and Civil
Rights, U.S. Department of the Int erior 1849 C Street NW W~ shlllglOfl, D.C. 20240
Colorado Parks & Wildlife Headquarters
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216
(303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
0
PRI NTED ON 30% PCW
(l&E) CSM_ENG_SOK_ 11/2023
cpw.state.co.ns
�Winter Bird Feeding
Attracting Birds, Not Bears
If you enjoy feeding birds, winter would be the best
time as bears are hibernating and no longer active.
Winter feeding may also benefit some birds during
this stressful season when natural food sources are
hard to fi nd.
Native Gardens
Living Responsibly with
Bears
Colorado Parks and Wildlife understands that
viewing backyard birds is a great connection to
the wi ldli fe in your own neighborhood. We have
a responsibilily as stewards of our outdoor spaces
to live responsibly with all wildlife, including black
bears.
It is still important to responsibly feed birds in winter
as other animals, such as deer, coyotes, raccoons and
skunks, can be attracted to this easy food source.
The sigh t and smell of bird feeders alone is enough
to attract bears onto your property and into your
neighborhood. Once bears discover bird feeders, they
will visit every home in the area looki11g for more,
making bird feeders (and trash cans) among the top
reasons for human-black bear conOicls.
Native gardening is a great way to attract many
different types of birds and other native wildlife like
butterflies and native bees. Native gardens also require
less water and maintenance once established. Visit
cm .extensio .colo tate.edu ardenin -resources
ooline-garden-pub1kations/native-p1ants/ for more
information on native gardening in Colorado.
ln addition, leaving attractants out, like bird feeders
(hummingbird, suet and seed) and trash cans where
they are accessible to bears, is a violation of state law,
as well as some local city and cou nty ordinances.
Flower Pots
• ...,._, lo avoi causing problem, in your
neighborhood, remove all bird foeder
from April-November when bear are
. . . . . . 010 t active.
0
Below is a quick list you can follow to minimize
which anima ls are being attracted to your bird
feeders:
O Clean spilled seed and shells from underneath and
around your feeders.
Not the gardening type? Try flower pots or container
gardening! Birds will be just as interested in visiting a
flower in a pot as they wou ld be to one in the ground.
For hummingbirds, plant red, orange or pink 0owers
with a tubular shape.
Bird Baths/ Nest Boxes
Harassing
Harassing is to unlawfully endanger, worry, impede,
annoy, pursue, disturb, rally, concentrate, harry, drive
herd or torment wildlife. Harassment of wildlife is
unlawful and NEVER ok.
HAZING OPTIONS
Yelling and clapping
Using air horn, car
alarm, noise makers
Motion-sensor
sprinklers
Pepper spray or
bear spray
Paintball ~
Only haze nuisance wildlife and be mindful of where
wildlife will move (such as into a busy street).
O Clean feeders often to prevent the spread of
diseases like salmonell a.
0 Research which seed is best for the birds in your
area. Never feed bread, table scraps, etc.
Hazing is a lawful activity, or series of activities,
conducted in an attempt to change the behavior of
a habituated bear (i.e. a bear that has become too
comfortable around people) or to establish a healthy
wariness of people. CPW encourages lawful hazing.
Contact your local law enforcement agency for what
methods are lawful for your neighborhood.
0 Bring feeders in at night.
Avoid using open, platform-style feeders which
can be messy.
Hazing
Aim for the rump, and use e)(tra care to avoid
hitting in the face, eyes, ears, nose or mouth.
O Hang feeders where other wildlife cannot reach
them , especially deer. Eating bird seed can cause
multiple digestive tract diseases and even be
deadly for deer.
□
Hazing vs Harassing
Birds are always looking for the things they need to
survive including a reliable source of water and a safe
place to raise their young. Adding a bird bath or nest
box to your backyard landscape gives birds a reason
to visit and to stay!
Your local CPW office ca.n provide additional ideas
and recommendations.
Remember: Hazing will only be cffi tiye
if the originaJ all ractants that dn!,' the
bear in are permanently remo ed.
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https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/dc0f80cd066616dd42d53b7cead595d2.pdf
d4b9928cd7aa7dedf69c36ed7f356c43
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We're Here to Help
On the Web
Visit www.cpw.state.co.us/bears for more information.
You'll find fact sheets, a homeowner's checklist, infonnation on safe camping and hiking and much more.
Through Bear Aware
Bear Aware volunteers can answer questions, ofter
practical advice and even make house calls. 1l1ey
also do educational programs and staff informational
booths at events. To find a Bear Aware volunteer in
your area or join or for m a Bear Aware team, call
your local office.
Parks & Wildlife Offices
CPW offices are open Mon. - Fri., 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
For after-hours emergencies, contact the Colorado
State Patrol or your local Sheriff's Department.
CPW Headquarters - Administrative Offices
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 802 16 .. (303) 297- 1192
Brush ..................... . ... . .. (970) 842-6300
Colorado Springs ..... . ......... . . (7 19) 227-5200
Denver . .... ................ .. . . . . (303) 29 1-7227
Durango ......... ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . (970) 247-0855
Ft. Collins ...... . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . .. (970) 472-4300
Glenwood Springs . . . . ..... ... ..... (970) 947-2920
Grand Junction ................... (970) 255-6 I00
Gunnison ................. .. ...... (970) 641-7060
Hot Sulphur Springs ... . ... . ...... . (970) 725-6200
Lamar .... . . ... . . ... . . . .. ......... (719) 336-6600
Meeker .. .. ........... . .... . ...... (970) 878-6090
Monte Vist·a .... . ... . . . ... . ....... . (719) 587-6900
Montrose . . ................... . ... (970) 252-6000
Pueblo....... . ......... . ... ... .... (719) 561-5300
Salida. .... ...... . . .. . ............. (7 I 9) 530-5520
Steamboat Springs .............. . .. (970) 870-2 197
Colorado Parks & Wildlife is the state agency responsible for managing
wildlife and its habitat, as well as providing wildlife-related recreation.
CPW is funded through hunting and fishing license fees, park passes,
federal grants and Colorado Lottery proceeds through Great
Outdoors Colorado.
1/2016- 10 ,000
�Camping in Bear Country
Most camp sites west of 1-25 are in bear country.
Bears that learn that people have food routinely visit
camp sites, picnic areas and resorts in hopes of fi nding an easy meal. If you want to avoid problems fo r
yourself and the bears, make sure there's nothi ng to
attract bears to your camp.
Stash Your Trash. Use bear-proof containers when
available. If they're full, double bag trash and lock it
in your trunk or RV. Never leave trash outside.
Store Attractants Safely. Store food, beverages and
toiletries in air tight containers and lock in your
trunk. Many bears have discovered that coolers, bags
and boxes are full of food; never leave them in your
tent or anywhere a bear could see, smell o r reach.
Keep a Clean Camp. Bears are attracted to o dors 0 1
all kinds and will investigate anyth in g interesting in
hopes of fi ndi ng food.
Keep a Clean Tent. Don't bring anything with an
odor into your lent - Lhal includes all foods, beverages, scented toiletries, gum, toothpaste, sunscreen,
candles and insect repellant. Don't sleep in the
clothes you cooked in; store them with your food.
Lock RVs and Vehicles. Close windows and lock
your vehicle and RV when you leave your camp site
and al night before you go to sleep.
Campground Bears
If a bear comes into camp, try to chase it away. Yell,
toss small stones in the direction of (not d irectly
at) the bear, bang pots and pans, or blow your car
ho rn, air ho rn o r whistle. Make sure the bear has an
escape route.
Backcountry Bear Tips
Wh en you are backpacking or camping in an
undeveloped area, set up a bear-safe
camp to protect your food and avoid
attracting bears. If there are signs a bear
has visited the area recently, leave and
choose another camp site. For more
information, visit our Web site for o ur
Backcountry Bear Basics fac t sheet.
Bear spray is a super-concentrated,
highly irritating pepper spray proven
to be more effective than firearms at
deterring bears, but it's no substitute
for taking all the proper precautions to
prevent problems in bear country.
�Hitting the Trail
Bear Encounters
Bears will usually smell or hear you and leave the
area long before you see them. Understanding bears'
natural behavior can help you avoid surprising a bear.
Black bears are highly intelligent, with individual
responses to people and situations. Wild black bears
seldom attack unless they feel threatened, cornered
or are provoked.
■ Tracks, bear scat, and shredded logs are all signs
you're in bear country.
■ Be alert at all times, and leave your headphones
at home. Be extra cautio us at dawn and d usk, when
the wind is in your face, visibility is limited or you're
walking by a no isy stream. A firm clap o r quick shout
warns bears that humans are in the area.
If You Surprise a Bear on a Trail
■ Stand still, stay calm and let the bear identify you
and leave. Talk in a normal tone of voice. Be sure the
bear has an escape route.
■ Never run or climb a tree.
■ lf you see cubs, their mother is usually close by.
■ In late summer and fall, bears need to forage up to
Leave the area immediately.
20 ho urs a clay, so avoid trails that go through berry
patches, oak
brush and other
natural food
sources.
■ A bear standing up is just trying to identi fy what
■ Keep dogs
leashed; exploring canines can
surprise a bear.
Your dog could
be injured, or
come running back to
you with an
irritated bear on
its heels.
■ Keep children between
adults, and
teach them
what to do if
they see a bear.
Don't let them run ahead or fall behind.
■ Double bag food, and never leave any trash or
leftovers behind. finding treats teaches bears to associate trails with food.
■ Never approach bears o r offer food. If you're luck')'
enough to see a bear, watch fro m a safe distance and
enjoy this very special experience. If your presence
causes the bear to look up or change its behavior in
If the Bear Doesn't Leave
you are by getting a better look and smell.
■ Wave your arms slowly overhead and talk calmly.
If the bear huffs, pops it jaws or stomps a paw, it
wants you to give it space.
■ Step off the trail to the downhill side, keep looking
at the bear and slowly back away until the bear is out
of sight.
If the Bear Approaches
■ A bear knowingly approaching a person could be a
food-conditioned bear looking for a handout or, very
rarely, an aggressive bear. Stand your ground. Yell or
throw small rocks in the direction of the bear.
■ Get out your bear spray and use it when the bear
is about 40 feet away.
■ If you're attacked,
don't play dead. Fight
back with anything
available. People
have successfu lly defended
themselves with
pen knives,
trekking
poles, and
even bare
hands.
�Welcome to Bear Country
When you head out into Colorado's great outdoors,
you're heading into country that's long been home to
black bears. With so many people spending time in
bear country, human-bear conflicts are on Lhe rise.
So before you go, learn more about how to enjoy the
o utdoors wilhout creating problems fo r yourself o r
these intelligent and resourceful animals.
When people let bears get into food and garbage, the
lure of an easy meal can overcome a bear's natural
wariness of people. Once bears learn to follow their
super-sensitive noses camp sites and picnic grounds,
they can damage proper ty and even break into cars
and campers.
Black bears are not naturally aggressive, but they are
strong, powerful animals. A bear intent on getting a
meal can easily injure someone who gets in its way.
Ever y year bears that have become too comfortable
around people have to be destroyed
Colorado Bears Need Your Help
Colorado Parks and Wildli fe is charged with
protecting and preserving our wildlife. Every time
we're forced to destroy a bear, it's not just the bear
that loses. We all lose a little piece of the wildness
that makes Colorado so special.
Black Bears at a Glance
■ 13lack is a species, not a color. In Colorado many
black bears are blonde, cinnamo n, or brown.
■ With their bulky fur coats, bears can look bigger
than they are. Males average 275 lbs.; females average
175 lbs.
■ Over 90% of a bear's natural diet is grasses, berries,
fruits, nuts and plants. The rest is pri mari ly insects
and scavenged carcasses.
■ Black bears are very wary of people and other
unfamil iar things. 111eir normal response to any perceived danger is to run away or climb a tree.
■ Most Colorado bears are active from mid-March
through early November. When foo d sources
d windle they head for winter dens.
■ With a nose that's 100 times more sensitive than
o urs, a bear can literally smell food five miles away.
■ Bears are very smart, and have great memo ries o nce they find food, they come back for more.
■ During late summer and early fall bears need
20,000 calories a day to gain enough fat to survive the
wi nter without eatin g or drinking.
■ Bears are not naturally nocturnal, but sometimes
travel at night in hopes of avoiding humans.
�
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FEEDING WILDLIFE IS AGAINST THE LAW
Anyone still not convinced that putting out food is
bad for wildlife? Skeptics need to keep in mind that
w1der Colorado law, intentionally feeding big-game
anima ls is illegal. The prohibition applies to deer, elk,
pronghorn, mountain goats, bighorn sheep, mountain lions and bears. Violators face a $50 fine.
DOW HEADQUARTERS
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 (303) 297-1192
~
0
I
DOW SERVICE CENTERS
BRUSH: 122 E. Edison,
HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS:
Brush, CO 80723
(970) 842-6300
346 Grand County Road
362,
Hot Su lphur Springs,
co 80451
(970) 725-6200
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UNWANTED AND DANGEROUS GUESTS
\A/hat's dinner for the neighborhood fox family is also a
meal for other wild animals living near your home.
Normally reclusive and wary, black bears will leave the
woods and become accustomed to finding a meal in
yow· backyard if you leave them something to eat.
Feeding deer also can attract other large predators, such
as mountain lions. Where there are lots of deer, there are
also lots of mountain lions, prowling for prey.
Over time, predators such as bears and mountain lions
become less wary and more emboldened. They're more
apt to attack pets and people and, when that happens, it
can spell death for bears and lions, which often must be
destroyed to ensure public safety.
WHAT ABOUT BIRDS?
The DOW supports and encourages using backyard bird
feeders to supplement natural food fo r song birds. Be
sure that the food you provide song birds is fresh and
clean. Also make sure you clean the feede r periodically.
Common bird foods include sunflower seed and millet.
Some birds also are attracted by fresh fruit. In addition to
your feeder, be sure to offer a source of water for your
backyard bi rds, year-round if possible.
A word of caution, however. lf you live in bear country,
be aware that certain bird foods, particularly hummingbird nectar, are very attractive to bears. Put your bird
food and hummingbird feeders away if you don't want to
create potentially dangerous conflicts with our state's
largest predator close to your home. For more information, contact your nearest DOW office.
iii
COLORADO SPRINGS:
4255 Sinton Road,
Colo rado Springs, CO
80907; (719) 227-5200
DENVER:
6060 Broadway,
Denver, CO 802 16
(303) 291-7227
DURANGO: 151 E. 16th St.,
Durango, CO 81301
(970) 247-0855
FORT COLLINS:
317 W. Prospect Road,
Fort Collins, CO 80526
(970) 472-4300
GLENWOOD SPRINGS:
50633 Hwys. 6 & 24,
Glenwood Springs, CO
81601; (970) 947-2920
LAMAR: 2500 s. Main St.,
Lamar, CO 81052
(719) 336-6600
MEEKER: 73485 Hwy. 64,
Meeker, CO 81 64 1
(970) 878-6090
MONTE VISTA:
0722 S. Road 1 East,
Monte Vista, CO 811 44
(719) 587-6900
MONTROSE:
2300 S. Townsend Ave .,
Montrose, CO 8 1401
(970) 252-6000
PUEBLO:
GRAND JUNCTION:
600 Reservoir Road,
Pueblo, CO 8 1005
(719) 561 -5300
711 Independ ent Ave.,
Grand Junction, CO
81505; (970) 255-6100
SALIDA: 7405 Hwy. 50,
Salida,CO 8 1201
(719) 530-5520
GUNNISON:
STEAMBOAT SPRINGS:
300 W. New York Ave.,
Gu nnison, CO 81230;
(970) 641 -7060
925 Weiss Drive,
Steamboat Spri ngs, CO
80477; (970) 870-2197
The Colorado Divisio/1 of Wildlife is the state age,,cy responsible
for managing wildlife and its lwbitat, as well as providi/lg wildlife-re/med
recreation. The Division is funded throug/1 /11111ting and fishing
license fees, federal grants and Colorado Lottery proceeds
through Great Outdoors Colorado.
3- 11
COLORADO DIVISION OF WILDLIFE
6060 Broadway • Denver, CO 80216
(303) 297-1192 • www.wildlife.state.co.us
�about them, photograph them, hunt them and, even on
occasion, feed them.
We know people mean well when tl1ey give tidbits to
wildlife. But what many don't realize is that feeding big
game is bad for the anin1als and dangerous for people. It's
also against the law. There are lots of good reasons why.
PLEASE - ONLY OUR NATURAL FOODS!
Drive up the Mount Evans Road just about any summer
weekend, and you' ll see bighorn sheep - lambs and all
- ready to romp onto the road as cars approach. The
bighorns head straight for the car windows. These wild
animals show no fear of vehicles or the people inside.
The bighorns have learned th ey can get cookies, chips
and other goodies from behind those car windows.
seemed like such a harmless thing to do. What
could be wrong with putting out a little food to
help the foxes and deer make it through a hard
winter? Besides, seeing wildlife in our backyard is
one of the many benefits of living in Colorado. So
thought a family that set out dog food, hambw-ger and
grains for foxes and deer near their home in the wooded
foothills just outside Denver.
It
Guess who else came to dinner? Tasty treats left in the
family's yard lw-ed hungry mountain lions to the neighborhood. Not only did tl1e wild cats like tl1e hamburger, tl1ey
also had tl1eir eyes on one of their favorite prey - deer.
It didn't take long for real trouble to start. Residents' cats
and dogs began disappearing from their yards. Fear and
anger set in, and people began clamoring for officials to
do something about tl1e dangerous mmmtain lions.
What started as a well-meaning effort for deer and foxes
ended in death fo r another of Colorado's wild animals.
The mountain lion was snared and killed in a trap set out
to make the neighborhood safe again.
This is just one example illustrating why the Colorado
Division of Wildlife is warning people, "PLEASE DON'T
FEED THE W1LDLI1T'
THOUGH YOUR HEART'S IN THE RIGHT PLACE ...
Colorado is blessed with a diversity of wildlife. Our elk
population is larger tl1an tl1al of any other slate or
Canadian province. In addition, our state is home to an
abundant, thriving deer population.
The DOW - whose mission is to protect and enhance
the state's wild creatures - knows how much people love
Colorado wildlife. They love to watcl1 the animals, learn
We all know junk food is bad for people, but it's even
worse fo r wild animals. The complex digestive systems
of wildlife have evolved over thousands of years. Deer,
elk, pronghorn and sheep are ruminants. That means
they have a fou r-chambered stomach that serves as a
fermentation vat. They can eat lots of vegetation and
digest it very thoroughly.
Unlike natural foods, treats from people often can not be
digested properly by big game. In fact, "human food"
can, in many cases, stop a wild animal's digestive system,
cause the animal to get sick and die.
Big gam e depend entirely on native vegetation, such as
grasses, fo rbs and shrubs. Those plants provide all the
nutritional requirements the anin1als need to survive in
Colorado, even through winter. Eating non-natural
kinds of foods can result in nutritional problems for
wildlife or possibly death.
CONFLICTS AND DISEASE
When people feed big game, the animals tend to concentrate where the food is set out. That increases the risk of
spreading diseases through the herds. Diseases also can
spread between wildlife and livestock, as well as to
domestic animals and people.
The Division is most concerned about devastating diseases, such as brucellosis and tuberculosis, which can be
transmitted to humans. Feeding also can dramatically
change the natural distribution and migration ofbiggame animals.
You may delight in seeing a deer grazing in your yard.
Your neighbor, however, may become irnte seeing his
rose bushes chomped to a stub. For farm ers and ranchers,
the losses can be costly from big game munching on
crops or hay. Not only that, luring wildlife to your yard
by putting out food could set tl1e wild animals up fo r
deatl1 if they have to cross highways to get to feeders or if
they encounter harassment from domestic pets.
What's worse, once wildlife stop usin g tl1eir historic ranges,
iliat land could end up developed and valuable habitat
could be lost forever. Feeding big game is not a substitute
for enhancing and protecting critical wintering areas.
�
https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/ff376c606b89c4c70ab419a9661a1e89.pdf
62284cf4d01962f31d93960bde5bd634
PDF Text
Text
Colorado is Bear Country
Black Bears at a Glance
We're Here to Help
Black bears have lived in the foothi lls and fo rests
of Colorado since long befo re the pionee rs arri ved.
Today 8,000 to 12,000 black bea rs are tr ying to share
space with an ever-growing human population. With
many more people living and playing in bear co untr y,
hu man-bear encounte rs are on the rise.
Bears arc in telligent, resourceful and m11azinganirnals.
On the Web
■ Black is a species, not a color. In Colorad o many
Visit www.wildlife.state.co.us/bears for more information. You'll find fact sheets, a homeowner's checkl.ist, information on safe camping and hilting and much more.
Colorado Bears Have People Problems
Every year, bears attracted to human food sources
damage property, vehicles and even homes. Bears
don't know they're doing anyth ing wrong. TI1ey're
just following their super-sensitive noses to the most
calories they can find.
Bears that find food around homes, campgrounds
and communi ti es often lose their natural wariness
of people. Even though black bears are not naturaUy
aggressive and seldom attack or injure people, they
are still strong, powerful animals. A bear intent on
getting a meal could injure someone who gets in its
way. Every year bears that have become too comfortable around people have to be destroyed.
Bears Need Your Help
The Colorado Division ofvVildlife is charged with
protecting and preserving the state's wildlife. Every
time we must destroy a bear, it's not just the bear that
loses. We all lose a little piece of the wildness that
makes Colorado so special.
black bears are bl onde, cinnamon or brown.
■ Over 90% of a bear's natural diel is grasses, berries,
fruits, nu ts and plants. '!he rest is primarily insects
and cavenged carcasses.
■ Black bears are naturally shy, and very wary of
people and other unfamiliar things. TI1eir normal
response to any perceived danger is to run away.
■ In Colorado most bears are active from mid-
March through early November. W hen food sources
dwindle they head for winter dens.
■ W ith a nose th at's 100 tim e
more sensitive than
ou rs, a bear ca n literally smell food five miles away.
■ Bears are very smart, and have great memories once they find food, they come back fo r more.
■ During late summer and earl y fall bears need
20,000 calories a day to gai n enough weight to survive
the winter without eat ing or drinking.
■ Bears are not natu rally nocturnal, but sometin1es
travel at night in hopes of avoiding humans.
Please Do
Your Part
to Keep
Bears
Wild
Through Bear Aware
Bear Aware volunteers can answer questions, offer
practical advice and even make house calls. They
also do educational programs and staff informational
booths at events. To find a Bear Aware volun teer in
your area or join or fo rm a Bear Aware team, call
your local office.
Division of Wildlife Offices
Division offices are open Mon. - Fri., 8 a.m . to 5 p.rn.
For after-hours emergencies, contact the Colorado
State Patrol or your local Sheriff's Department.
Divison Headquarters - Administrative Offices
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 . . (303) 297-11 92
Brush .. . ....... .... . .. . . ... . . . . .. (970) 842-6300
Colorado Springs . . . .. .. . . . .... ... (719) 227-5200
Denver . ........... ... . ..... . ... . . (303) 29 1-7227
Durango ... . .. . . ... ........ ... ... (970) 247-0855
Ft. Collin s .... .. . . .. .. . . .... . . .... (970) 472-4300
Glenwood Springs ...... . . . . . ... .. . (970) 947-2920
Grand Junction . . . . .. . ... . ....... . (970) 255-6100
Gunnison . ... .. . . ... . . . .... . ...... (970) 641-7060
Hot Sulphur Springs ........ . ..... . (970) 725-6200
Lamar .. .. .. . . .. . ........ . . ... . ... (7 19) 336-6600
Meeker ... . ........ . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. (970) 878-6090
Monte Vista .. . .. . . ... . .. . ... ... . .. (719) 587-6900
Montrose . . ... . . .... . . ... ... .. .. .. (970) 252-6000
Pueblo . . . ...... . .. . ...... . .. . .... . (719) 561-5300
Salida . . . .. . . ..... . .. . ... .. .. . ..... (719) 530-5520
Steamboat Springs ................. (970) 870-2197
The Colorado Division of Wildlife is the state agency responsible for
managing wildlife and its habitat, as well as provid ing wi ld life-related
recreation. The Division is funded through hunting and fishing license
fees, federal grants and Colorado Lottery proceeds through Great
Outdoors Colorado.
3/ 2009 - 100,000
�Only People Can Prevent
Problems With Bears
Black bears are curious, smart and very adaptable.
TI1ey're not fussy and will eat just about anythiJ1g
with calories. Bears want to get the most energy they
can with the least amount of effort. Every bear's goal
is to get fat enough to live through the winter.
Most conflicts between people and bears can be
traced to easy-to-get-at human food, garbage, pet
food, bird seed or other attractants. When people
allow bears to find food, a bear's natural drive to eat
can overcome its wariness of hLUnans.
Garbage Kills Bears
Bird Feeders Kill Bears
Get in the habit of being bear-responsible. It's like
recycling - at first it's a little extra effort, but soon it
becomes a better way to live. And you can be proud
you're helping to make Colorado a better place for
people and bears.
Much of what people throw away smells lil<e food to a
hungry bear. Standard metal or plastic trash cans won't
keep out bears. Once bears learn where it's easy to get
at the garbage, they'll come back again and again.
Never leave trash or recyclables out overnight. Empty
cans and boxes still smell like food. One study showed
that siJ11ply putti11g trash out the morning of pick up
cuts the chances of a bear visit from 70% to 2%.
■ Don't feed bears, and don't put out food for other
wildlife that attracts bears.
■ Be responsible about trash and bird feeders.
■ Burn food offbarbeque grills and clean after each use.
■ Keep all bear-accessible windows and doors closed
and locked, including home, garage and vehicle doors.
Studies show that a big meal of tasty, nutritious seeds
- a natural food for bears - is often the first reward
a bear gets for explormg hLUnan places. Lettmg your
bird feeders turn into bear feeders teaches bears that
it's safe to come close to people and homes looking
for food. And for bears that can be a deadly lesson.
We recommend not feeding
birds during the months
when bears are active.
lf you must leave trash outside, buy a bear-proof
container, build a bear-proof enclosure or install an
electric fence. To avoid attracting bears, clean contamers regularly with ammonia or bleach.
Bears that get too comfortable around people can
destroy property or even become a threat to human
safety. Habituated bears must often be destroyed.
Please don't let bears die needlessly. Do your part to
bear-proof your home and property, and help keep
bears alive and wild.
Help Keep Bears Wild
Bears that learn
garbage = food
sometimes come
inside homes
looking for more.
Don't make it
easy for bears to
visit; keep bearaccessible windows and doors
in your home and
garage locked.
Instead, use water featmes, plantings, nest boxes and flowers to
attract birds. Use bird feeders only
when bears are hibernating.
If you don't want to stop feeding birds,
you need to hang your feeders at least
ten feet off the ground and ten feet
away from anything bears can climb.
Keep the area underneath feeders clean
and free of bird seed and hulls, or switch to
a hulled bird seed with no waste.
Never store bird seed outside, under your deck, or
in a garage or shed a bear could break into.
A SO-pound bag ofbird seed has over
87,000 calories - a reward for the bear well
worth the effort of breaking m.
■ Don't leave food, trash, coolers, air fresheners or
anything that smells in your vehicle.
■ Pick frui t before it ripens, and clean up fallen fruit.
■ Talk to your neighbors about doing their part to be
bear-responsible.
�
https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/4cabfc363567b96929ef2f2c858d070d.pdf
19e17739715eb51d952a0181014cd7f4
PDF Text
Text
Colorado is Bear Country
Black Bears at a Glance
We’re Here to Help
Black bears have lived in the foothills and forests of
Colorado since long before the pioneers arrived. Today
8,000 to 12,000 black bears are trying to share space with
an ever-growing human population. With many more
people living and playing in bear country, human/bear
encounters are on the rise.
Bears are intelligent, resourceful and amazing
animals.
On the Web
Visit cpw.state.co.us/bears for more information. You’ll
fnd fact sheets, a homeowner’s checklist, information on
safe camping and hiking and much more.
•
•
•
•
Please Do
Your Part
to Keep
Bears
Wild
Colorado Parks & Wildlife Ofces
Our ofces are open Mon. – Fri., 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. For
afer-hours emergencies, contact the Colorado State
Patrol or your local Sherif ’s Department.
CPW Headquarters - Administrative Ofces
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (303) 297-1192
Brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 842-6300
Colorado Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 227-5200
Denver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (303) 291-7227
Durango . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 247-0855
Ft. Collins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 472-4300
Glenwood Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 947-2920
Grand Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 255-6100
Gunnison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 641-7060
Hot Sulphur Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 725-6200
Lamar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 336-6600
Meeker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 878-6090
Monte Vista. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 587-6900
Montrose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 252-6000
Pueblo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 561-5300
Salida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 530-5520
Steamboat Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 870-2197
© JOHN DERYCH
•
HOW TO AVOID WILDLIFE CONFLICTS
© JOHN DERYCH
COLORADO
Parks and Wildlife
Department of Natural Resources
6/2014 — 50,000
© CPW
Bears Need Your Help
Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) is charged with
protecting and preserving the state’s wildlife. Every time
we must destroy a bear, it’s not just the bear that loses.
We all lose a little piece of the wildness that makes Colorado so special.
•
Through Bear Aware
Bear Aware volunteers can answer questions, ofer
practical advice and even make house calls. Tey also do
educational programs and staf informational booths at
events. To fnd a Bear Aware volunteer in your area or
join or form a Bear Aware team, call your local ofce.
© TIM HALVORSON
Bears that fnd food around homes, campgrounds and
communities ofen lose their natural wariness of people.
Even though black bears are not naturally aggressive
and seldom attack or injure people, they are still strong,
powerful animals. A bear intent on getting a meal could
injure someone who gets in its way. Every year bears that
have become too comfortable around people have to be
destroyed.
•
Black is a species, not a color. In Colorado many
black bears are blonde, cinnamon or brown.
Over 90 percent of a bear’s natural diet is grasses,
berries, fruits, nuts and plants. Te rest is primarily
insects and scavenged carcasses.
Black bears are naturally shy, and very wary of
people and other unfamiliar things. Teir normal
response to any perceived danger is to run away.
In Colorado most bears are active from mid-March
through early November. When food sources
dwindle they head for winter dens.
With a nose that’s 100 times more sensitive than
ours, a bear can literally smell food fve miles away.
Bears are very smart, and have great memories —
once they fnd food, they come back for more.
During late summer and early fall bears need to
consume 20,000 calories a day to survive the winter
hibernation without eating or drinking.
Bears are not naturally nocturnal, but sometimes
travel at night in hopes of avoiding humans.
Living With Bears
© CPW
Colorado Bears Have People Problems
Every year, bears attracted to human food sources damage property, vehicles and even homes. Bears don’t know
they’re doing anything wrong. Tey’re just following
their super-sensitive noses to the most calories they can
fnd.
•
C O L O R A D O PA R K S & W I L D L I F E
cpw.state.co.us
�Garbage Kills Bears
Black bears are curious, smart and very adaptable.
Tey’re not fussy and will eat just about anything with
calories. Bears want to get the most energy they can with
the least amount of efort. Every bear’s goal is to get fat
enough to live through the winter.
Most conficts between people and bears can be traced
to easy-to-get-at human food, garbage, pet food, bird
seed or other attractants. When people allow bears to
fnd food, a bear’s natural drive to eat can overcome its
wariness of humans.
Much of what people throw away smells like food to a
hungry bear. Standard metal or plastic trash cans won’t
keep out bears. Once bears learn where it’s easy to get at
the garbage, they’ll come back again and again.
Get in the habit of being bear-responsible. It’s like recycling — at frst it’s a little extra efort, but soon it becomes
a better way to live. And you can be proud you’re helping
to make Colorado a better place for people and bears.
Never leave trash or recyclables out overnight. Empty
cans and boxes still smell like food. One study showed
that simply putting trash out the morning of pick up cuts
the chances of a bear visit from 70 percent to 2 percent.
•
•
•
© BILL LEVY
•
Bear Calorie Counter
Bird seed (7 lbs.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12,180
Dog Food (25 lbs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42,425
Peanut Butter (28 oz.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,750
Shortening (3 lbs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12,430
Berries (1 lb.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,000
Studies show that a big meal of tasty, nutritious seeds
— a natural food for bears — is ofen the frst reward a
bear gets for exploring human places. Letting your bird
feeders turn into bear feeders teaches bears that it’s safe
to come close to people and homes looking for food.
And for bears that can be a deadly lesson.
© CPW
We recommend not feeding
birds during the months when
bears are active.
© CPW
© CPW
If you must leave trash outside, buy a bear-proof container, build a bear-proof enclosure or install an electric
fence. To avoid attracting bears, clean containers regularly with ammonia or bleach.
Bears that get too comfortable around people can destroy property or even become a threat to human safety.
Habituated bears must ofen be destroyed. Please don’t
let bears die needlessly. Do your part to bear-proof your
home and property, and help keep bears alive and wild.
Help Keep Bears Wild
Bird Feeders Kill Bears
Bears that learn
garbage = food
sometimes come
inside homes
looking for more.
Don’t make it easy
for bears to visit;
keep bear-accessible windows
and doors in your
home and garage
locked.
•
•
•
Don’t feed bears, and don’t put out food for other
wildlife that attracts bears.
Be responsible about trash and bird feeders.
Burn food of barbeque grills and clean afer each
use.
Keep all bear-accessible windows and doors closed
and locked, including home, garage and vehicle
doors.
Don’t leave food, trash, coolers, air fresheners or
anything that smells in your vehicle.
Pick fruit before it ripens, and clean up fallen fruit.
Talk to your neighbors about doing their part to be
bear-responsible.
If You See a Bear
If a bear comes near your home, do your best to chase
it away. Yell, blow a whistle, clap your hands and make
other loud noises. But never approach or corner a bear.
Instead, use water features,
plantings, nest boxes and
fowers to attract birds. Use
bird feeders only when bears are
hibernating.
If you don’t want to stop feeding birds,
you need to hang your feeders at least
10 feet of the ground and 10 feet
away from anything bears can climb.
Keep the area underneath feeders clean
and free of bird seed and hulls, or switch
to a hulled bird seed with no waste.
Never store bird seed outside, under your deck,
or in a garage or shed a bear could break into. A
50-pound bag of bird seed has over 87,000 calories
— a reward for the bear well worth the efort of
breaking in.
© JOHN DERYCH
Only People Can Prevent
Problems With Bears
�
https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/3ca1015739dc7ffc312c0b5e1817b8e1.pdf
ec53b2ed57257b14bd9f4ce98212bd9a
PDF Text
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PDF Text
Text
The Cunning Coyote
Perhaps no other wild animal has endured the wrath of
humans while evoking such genuine heartfelt admiration than the coyote. Some people curse their existence;
Native Americans consider them to be the smartest
animal on earth (“God’s dog”) and many urbanites revel
in opportunities to see and hear these vocal predators.
Coyotes are extremely adaptable animals and rapidly
adjust to changing conditions. In the past, wildlife managers have found that coyote populations can actually
expand rather than decline in response to eradication
attempts. As a result, a variety of lethal and nonlethal
control methods are used to manage populations and
control damage.
Found in most of North America, coyotes are most
abundant on the open prairie and deserts. They are comfortable in the country, mountains or in cities, as long as
there is appropriate shelter and food. As a result, people
must be aware of their presence and take precautions to
avoid conflict with them.
We’re Here to Help
What To Do If You Live In
Coyote Country
•
•
•
•
•
Colorado Parks and Wildlife is responsible for managing, conserving and protecting wildlife. Your concerns
about wildlife are our concerns as well.
If you live in areas where coyotes have been seen,
PROTECT YOUR PETS! Coyotes will attack and
kill cats and dogs. Do not allow your pets to roam,
especially at night. Make sure your yard is appropriately fenced. We suggest at least a 6-foot fence or
better yet, keep your dog in a completely enclosed
kennel.
Do not allow dogs to run with coyotes. Although it
appears they are “playing,” coyotes can turn on dogs
to defend their territory.
Don’t leave pet food outside. This invites wildlife
into your yard and problems may result.
Protect livestock, especially chickens, young calves
and sheep. Contact your local extension office for
appropriate methods to prevent depredation.
Keep your garbage in a storage facility or in a tightly
sealed container. Clean garbage cans regularly to reduce residual odors by using hot water and chlorine
bleach.
Colorado Parks & Wildlife Offices
If you have questions or problems related to coyotes,
please contact CPW. Our offices are open Mon. – Fri., 8
a.m. to 5 p.m. For after-hours emergencies, contact the
Colorado State Patrol or your local Sheriff ’s Department.
CPW Headquarters - Administrative Offices
1313 Sherman Street, Suite 618
Denver, CO 80203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (303) 297-1192
Living With
Coyotes
HOW TO AVOID WILDLIFE CONFLICTS
Brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 842-6300
Colorado Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 227-5200
Denver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (303) 291-7227
Durango . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 247-0855
Ft. Collins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 472-4300
Glenwood Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 947-2920
Grand Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 255-6100
Gunnison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 641-7060
Hot Sulphur Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 725-6200
Lamar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 336-6600
Meeker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 878-6090
Monte Vista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 587-6900
Montrose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 252-6000
Pueblo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 561-5300
Salida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 530-5520
Steamboat Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 870-2197
With a better understanding of coyotes and their habitat,
humans can coexist with these adaptable and cunning
animals.
When Coyotes Meet People
© MICHAEL MAURO
COLORADO
6/2014 — 20,000
© cpw
Department of Natural Resources
© CPW
Parks and Wildlife
© cpw
What To Do If You Meet A Coyote
• Coyotes provide an enjoyable wildlife viewing experience. Keep your distance and do not approach the
animals. Enjoy the opportunity to view wildlife.
• Keep your pets on a leash when walking them.
• If a coyote approaches you or your pet, you can
throw rocks or sticks to frighten it away.
• Use a loud, authoritative voice to frighten the
animal.
© NEAL & MARY JANE MISHLER
© Jim Herd
A coyote’s behavior
varies depending upon
its environment. In the
wild where they are
actively hunted and
trapped, coyotes are
generally elusive. Near
cities or in areas where
hunting and trapping
are not allowed, coyotes
may be aggressive. In
urban settings, they can
lose their fear of people
and may threaten domestic pets. Although
attacks on humans are
rare, there have been
cases where coyotes
have attacked both
children and adults.
C O L O R A D O PA R K S & W I L D L I F E
cpw.state.co.us
�Tell-Tale Signs
•
The name “coyote” (Canis latrans) is derived from the
Aztec word “coyotl.” Coyotes are found throughout the
United States (except Hawaii) and in most of Canada.
Prior to 1900, coyotes were restricted to areas west of
the Mississippi in the United States and west of Ontario’s
Lake Nipigon in Canada.
•
•
The coyote’s success is attributed to the decline of wolf
populations and the coyote’s own ability to adapt. Coyotes have adjusted very well to human-disturbed environments, and now thrive in close proximity to people.
Coyotes are opportunistic hunters. They prey on small
mammals, domestic pets, livestock and domestic fowl
but will readily eat carrion and plants. A coyote will
adjust its diet depending on the food that is available.
In Colorado, coyotes are classified as a game species and
may be taken year round with either a small-game or
furbearer license. Landowners may kill coyotes without
a license on their land if the coyotes threaten their property or livestock.
Physical Appearance
•
•
•
Coyotes range in color from near black to off-white.
Coyotes in the Southwest deserts are the smallest
and lightest in color, whereas those in the northern
forests are the largest and darkest. Colorado coyotes
are usually rust-colored with a white or gray throat
and belly.
Like other predators, coyotes vary in size. The males
are larger than the females. The average size of a
coyote is 37 inches long and 18 inches high. Their
weight varies from 20 to 50 pounds.
The coyote is distinguished by its long, narrow
snout, pointed ears and general dog-like appearance.
•
•
•
© KEN ARCHER
The coyote is a member of the canid family which includes both wolves and domestic dogs.
Coyote tracks are very similar to other
members of the dog family. Imprints
show four toes and toe nails; front
tracks are larger than the rear. The
front tracks are 2 to 3 inches long
and 2 inches wide. Rear tracks
are 2 inches long and 1.5 inches
wide.
Their scat is variable in size and
consistency, depending on diet. It
often contains hair, berries, bone
fragments and seeds. You are likely
to find droppings along trails, atop knolls, near
boulders or prominent tufts of grass.
Coyotes may be the most vocal of all land mammals. Although most people are familiar with the
coyote’s howl, the animal actually has a language
that incorporates a variety of sounds. They have
long, clear calls in addition to barks and yips. Their
vocalizations are designed to bring individuals
together or let other coyotes know their
location.
Behavior
•
Habitat
•
•
•
•
•
Coyotes have expanded their
range over the last century. They
are found in all habitats, ranging
from grasslands and deserts to
urban areas and mountains.
Coyotes are common in areas where
rabbits, mice and gophers live. These may include
lush rangelands or overgrazed pastures.
In order to provide shelter for their pups, coyotes
den in a wide variety of places, including brush-covered slopes, steep banks, rock ledges, thickets and
hollow logs. They will also dig their own burrows.
Dens of other animals are frequently used.
•
Coyotes may travel alone, in pairs or small
groups. One factor that seems to affect coyote
sociability is prey size. In populations where the
major of prey items are small rodents, coyotes
tend to be solitary. In populations where large
animals like deer are available, large groups of
coyotes are formed. Coyotes tend to be more
social during winter, when carrion is a very
important food source.
Females generally have a home range of a few
square miles; males wander over larger areas.
They are generally nocturnal and sometimes
diurnal. When coyotes are in close association
with man with no disturbance (trapping or
hunting), they are less timid and are frequently
seen during the day.
Coyotes have excellent senses of hearing and
smell. Coyotes are very clever predators. They
have been known to kill porcupines without being quilled. They will also use teamwork to bring
down prey.
Mating And Breeding
•
•
Coyotes typically pair for life. If
one dies, the other will look for
another mate.
They are capable and will
breed with domestic
dogs.
•
•
Breeding occurs between January and March. Males
are capable of breeding when they are less than one
year old.
Pups are born from April to mid-May. The litter
size is determined by local population density and
food availability. More pups are born when there
are low coyote densities and when food sources are
abundant.
The female prepares the den. The male assists in the
raising of the young and initially supplies most of
the food. The pups are born blind and hairless. They
begin eating meat at eight weeks of age and start
hunting between 8-12 weeks.
The pups disperse between November and March.
The family may hunt together temporarily in midwinter but do not form true packs.
People should never approach pups or attempt to
take them from a denning area. Even if you see pups
unattended, their parents are usually just a short
distance away. Adults rarely abandon their young.
© DONALDMJONES.COM
Coyote Capsule
�
https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/51dc2e1d2d004ef532521cd2d042250c.pdf
6034e828676efc7b6c333e8302c97fd0
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coooc
WHO DO YOU CALL?
The Division of Wildlife is responsible for managing,
col)Serving and protecting wildlife. Your concerns about
wildlife are our concerns as well.
lf you have a potentially life-threatening situation with a
black bear or if an injury occurs, please contact the Division of
Wildlife, Monday through Friday, 8 AM· 5 PM, as listed below.
After hours, contact the Colorado State Patrol or your local
Sheriff's Department. To report property damage, please contact
the Division during normal business hours. Your information is
very valuable to us.
Central Regional Office
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
(303) 291-7227 or 297-1192
,Northwest Regional Office
711 Independent Ave.
Grand Junction, CO 81505
(303) 248-7175
Northeast Regional Office
317 W. Prospect Rd.
Fort Collins, CO 80526
(303) 484--2836
Southwest Regional Office
23005. Townsend Ave.
Montrose, CO 81401
(303) 249-3431
Southeast Regional Office
2126N. WeberSt.
Colorado Springs, CO 80907
(719) 473-2945
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT
BLACK BEARS
For the most part, _people and wildlife can coexist. Living
with wildlife is an enjoyable part of being a resident of Colora~o.
The key to coexisting is to respect wildlife and its habitat. You
can learn more about black bears by reading any of the follmving
books.
Bears-Their Biology mid Management, 1992, Proceedings from
the lntemational Conference on Bear Resear.ch and Management
~~~~19~19~1%~ 19~19~ 1• i
Black Bear: T/ie Spirit of tire Wilderness, 1981, by Barbara Ford,
Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Black Bears of West-Central Colorado, 1991, by Tom Beck, Colo.
Division of Wildlife, Technical Publication #39.
Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance, 1985, by Stephen
Herrero, Nick Lyons Books/Winchester Press, New York, NY.
The Wonder Series: Tlie Everywliere Bear, A Story and Activities by
Sandra Chisholm Robinson, Denver Museum of Natural
History, CO.
Artwork by Linnea Fronce."
Printed on recycled pa per.
Share this with a friend or neighbor.
NR6
LIVING
1992
WITH
C.4
WILDLIFE
.2
/M86
ARY
WILD ~
•
~
-.:
~"'· ·:
~
'
1
l'
L
r
f"F
IN
BEAR COUNTRY
Colorado has been home to bears since their
earliest ancestors crossed the Bering Land Bridge.
These large, powerful animals play an important role
in the ecosystem.
Today, increasing numbers of people routinely
live and play in bear country. For many people,
seeing a bear is rare and the highlight of an outdoor
experience. Leaming about bears and being aware
of their habits will help you fully appreciate these
unique animals and the habitat in which they live.
�BLACK
BEARS AT
A GLANCE
Black bears are the most
common and generally the
smallest of North American bears.
Others include the grizzly /brown and the
polar bear. Today, only the black bear is known to exist in
Colorado. Although we do not know exactly how many
black bears live in Colorado, population estimates range from
8,000 to 12,000 bears. A black bear may live to be 20 years in
the wild, although very few do, and up to 25-30 years in
captivity. Black bears are very agile, can run in bursts up to
35 mph and can run up or down hills quickly and easily.
Their short, curved claws help them to climb trees. Black
bears are strong swimmers.
Threats to black bears include accidents, disease, motor
vehicles and starvation. Natural enemies include other bears
and mountain lions. Humans are responsible for the deaths
of most black bears: loss of habitat, feeding, ~legal killing,
destruction of bears that pose a threat to people or livestock
and property, and hunting. Prior to 1935, there was
unlimited hunting of black bears. The designation of bears as
game animals in 1935 provided for their management.
Current regulations protect cubs and females with cubs.
SIGNS AND SOUNDS
• Black bear tracks are very distinctive - the hind footprint
resembles that of a human. All bears have 5 toes, with the
front foot short and about 4-5 inches wide. The
hind foot is long and narrow, measuring about 7 , 0 0
incl1es. Claw marks may or may not be
OOO o
visible.
~
• Bears use trails just as people do since it's
'-----J
easier to travel on a trail than through
FRONT
,
underbrush. Being aware of tracks, droppings
o 0°
and other bear signs (claw marks on trees, rotten logs
Q
(
ripped apart and hair on tree bark from rubbing), will
allow you to determine better the presence of bears.
• It's easy to recognize a black bear's sizable droppings of
plant leaves, partly digested berries, seeds or animal hair.
• Black bears are solitary. They don't associate with other
bears except sows with cubs or during breeding. Bears may HIN!
gather at a place with abundant food - for feeding.
• Bears are intelligent and curious. TI1ey can sec colors,
form and movement. Although their vision is good, they
generally rely on their acute senses of smell and hearing to
locate food and warn them of danger.
• Adult black bears make a variety of sounds. However,
the most commonly heard sounds are woofing and jawpopping. TI1e young ones whimper or bawl.
C
Q
HABITAT
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
•
Urs11s a111eria11111s, meaning "American black bear" is the
bear's scientific name. Despite the common name, black
bear, they aren't always black. They may be honey-<:olored,
blond, brown or black. They may have a tan muzzle or
a white spot on their chest. Most Colorado black
bears are some shade of brown, and they sometimes
appear cinnamon-colored, leading some people to
mistake them for grizzly bears.
• A black bear's body appears heavy and is supported by
short, powerful legs. The highest point of a black bear is the
middle of its back. There is no prominent shoulder hump as
there is on the larger grizzly bear.
• Black bears vary in size and weight, with males generally
being larger than females. Adult males average 275 pounds
while tl1e adult female may average 175 pounds. Depending
on the season, food supply and gender, they may weigh
anywhere from 125 to 450 pounds. Black bears measure
about 3 feet higli when on au 4 feet or about 5 feet tall
standing upright.
• Black bears have long been viewed as forest dwelling
animals. However, an unbroken expanse of forest doesn't
provide enough food for black bears. They need berry
patclies and stream bottoms to satisfy their appetites for
plants and insects.
• In Colorado, the largest black bear populations are found
in areas dominated by Gambel's oak and aspen near open
areas of chokecherry and serviceberry bushes.
• Every bear has a home
range where it finds all it
needs. It travels to
different areas of its
home range as snow
recedes, plants sprout
and berries ripen.
• In general, black
bears may range from 10 to
100 square miles. Adult
males occupy the largest
areas, while females usually
establish their home range
close to their mothers'.
�)
HUNTING AND FEEDING HABITS
MATING AND BREEDING
• Bears may be active anytime, day or night, most often
during morning and evening twilight. When not feeding or
looking for food, they rest in day beds - next to a log in a
windfall, in dense bmsh or in the depression left by an
uprooted tree.
• Black bears are omnivores - they eat both plants and
animals. About 90% of a bear's diet is made up of nutritious
plants, while about 10%of its diet consists of animals.
• Bears will eat broad-leafed flowering plants, berries, nuts,
insects, carrion (dead animal carcasses) and grasses. TI1cy
opportunely eat anything edible!
• In late summer, black bears are trying to fatten up for
winter hibernation. During this period, they may be actively
feeding for up to 20 hours per day and may ingest 20,000
calories daily.
• In Colorado, male bears are capable of breeding at 3 years
of age. A few female bears may have cubs at 3 or 4 years,
although 5 years is more common.
• Bears mate in early summer, but development of the
fertilized egg is delayed until November. If the female enters
the den in poor condition, it is believed she will reabsorb the
fertilized egg rather than continue development of a fetus.
• TI1e female bear generally does not breed again while her
cubs are with her.
BIRTH TO MATURITY
• After a 2-3 month gestation period, 1 to 5 (usually 2) tiny
cubs are born in midwinter. They are blind, toothless and
covered with very fine hair at birth.
• Nurtured with their mother's rich milk, they grow from
less than I pound at birth to an average of 10-20 pounds by
the time they all emerge from the den' in mid-May.
BEARS AND WINTER
• Since little food is available during winter, bears would
• Care of the cubs rests solely with the female. The cubs
have difficulty surviving if they remained active, so they
watch their mother and learn by mimicking her. Most black
hibernate. In Colorado, femaJe bears enter their dens in late
bear cubs stay with their mother for 1 year. The young may
October and males in early November.
climb trees for protection or when they areJhreatened.
• Black bears commonly den in rock c_averns, excavated
By the time the black bear cubs' second
holes beneath shrubs or trees, in hollow logs or rotten
_ spring arrives, they have become more selftrees and in brush thickets. Rock caverns are the
~ -~."'.", .
reliant. Littermates may stay together
most common kind of den in western
,,,..,.----;,.,,l~
p -~J;--;,: through the summer a~d perhaps even
Colorado.
~
~~
den together. Cubs will usually not
• A hibernating bear's heart
.,_,,<. . ,
·"~t ~ ~,f.!_J8'f -:"·' ""~ - •'.L
_
reunite i..~th their mother. Some cubs
rate and breathing slow, and '
.;,- l 'J.,l ~
.;?+pseparate from their mother in their first
its body temperature drops 4 •
autumn and become independent.
12° F. During this time,
bears do not eat, drink or
eliminate body wastes.
They maintain their
energy levels and water
balance by using stored
fat.
• When bears leave
the den, snow may still
be on the ground, but
greenup has usually
begun at lower
elevations. Many bears
will move lo lower areas in spring. Also, it's a couple of
weeks before the bear's digestive system becomes active.
During this critical period, the bear must rely on the
remaining stored fat.
·-<-~efp -
!.
�WHEN BLACK BEARS
MEET PEOPLE
WHAT TO DO IF YOU MEET A
BLACK BEAR
Where bears and people share habitat, following these
simple precautions will reduce your risk of conflicts. Learn
as much as you can about bears and their habitat. When you
are in bear country, know what areas a bear may use during
the different seasons. Watch for bear sign (tracks and
droppings). Be aware of your surroundings and try to
determine if bears may be present.
There are no definite rules about what to do if you meet a
bear. ln almost all cases, the bear will detect you first and
will leave the area. Bear attacks are rare compared to the
number of close encounters. However, if you do meet a bear
before it has had time to leave an area, here are some
suggestions. Remember: Every situation is different with
respect to the bear, the terrain, the people and their activity.
• STAY CALM. Uyou see a bear and it hasn't seen you,
calmly leave the area. As you move away, talk aloud to let
the bear discover your presence.
• STOP. Back away slowly while facing the bear. Avoid
direct eye contact as bears may perceive this as a threat. Give
the bear plenty of room to escape. Wild bears rarely attack
people unless they feel threatened or provoked.
• 1f on a trail, step off the trail on the downhill side and
slowly leave the area. Don't run or make any sudden
movements. Running is likely to prompt the bear to give
chase and you can't outrun a bear.
• SPEAK SOITLY. This may reassure the bear that no
harm is meant to it. Try not to show fear.
• Coming between a female and her cubs can be
dangerous. 1f a cub is nearby, try to move away from it.
Be alert- other cubs may be in the area.
• Bears use all their senses to try to identify what you are.
Remember: Their eyesight is good and their sense of smell is
acute. 1f a bear stands upright or moves closer, it may be
trying to detect smells in the air. This isn't a sign of
aggression. Once it identifies you, it may leave the area or
try to intimidate you by charging to within ~ few feet before
it withdraws.
• FIGHT BACK if a black bear attacks you. Black bears
have been driven away when people have fought back with
rocks, sticks, binoculars and even their bare hands.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU LIVE IN
BEAR COUNTRY
U you choose to live, or have a summer home, in bear
country, make sure you don't contnbute to resident bears
becoming "garbage" bears. Most conflicts between bears and
people are linked to careless handling of food or garbage.
Don't let your carelessness cause the unnecessary death of a
bear. Learn to live responsibly with wildlife!
Black bears eat almost anything. They will eat human
food, garbage, hummingbird food, and pet and livestock
food when available. Once a bear has found the easily
accessible, consistent food source that human settlements can
offer, it may overcome its wariness of people and visit
regularly, increasing the chance of a human/bear encounter.
You and your neighbors can make a difference. Your actions
may prevent the unnecessary death of a bear!
• Make your property safe by keeping garbage out of reach
and smell of bears. Use bear-proof trash containers. Contact
Division of.Wildlife for designs. Be sure garbage cans are
emptied regularly. Periodically clean garbage cans to reduce
residual odor - using hot water and chlorine bleach or by
burning. Store trash in a closed garage or shed. Use a chain
link enclosure with a top if a garage or shed is not available.
• Uyou have pets, do not store their food or feed them
outside. Clean your BBQ grill of grease and store inside.
Hang bird seed, suet and hummingbird feede.rs on a wire
between trees instead of on your deck or porch. Bring all
bird feeders in at night. Do not put fruit, melon rinds and
other tasty items in mulch or compost piles.
, • As you might guess, beehives attract bears. You can
protect your bees, honey and equipment if you surround the
hives with fences designed to keep bears out. Contact
Division of Wildlife for designs.
• Most bears sighted in residential areas within bear
habitat do not cause any damage. Ua bear doesn't find
abundant food, it will
move on.
DON'T FEED
ANY WILDLIFE!
0
�
https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/aa56e257b918d2c8ae57d31556002ac0.pdf
07e9b982c6efa1e172e658e455e0e1aa
PDF Text
Text
• STAY CALM. If you see a bear and it hasn't seen you,
calmly leave the area. As you move away, talk aloud to
let the bear discover your presence.
• STOP. Back away slowly while faci ng the bear. Avoid
direct eye contact as bears may perceive this as a threa t.
Give the bear plenty of room to escape. Wild bears rarely
attack people unless they feel threatened or provoked.
• If on a trail, step off the trail on the downhill side and
slowly leave the area. Don't run or make any sudden
movements. Running is likely to prompt the bear to give
chase and you can't outrun a bear.
• SPEAK SOFTLY. This may reassure the bear that no
harm is meant to it. Try not to show fear.
• Coming between a female and her cubs can be
dangerous. If a cub is nearby, try to move away from it.
Be alert - other cubs may be in the area.
• Bears use all their senses to try to identify what you are.
Remember: Their eyesight is good and their sense of smell is
acute. lf a bear stands upright or moves closer, it may be trying
to detect smells in the air. This isn't a sign of aggression. Once
it identifies you, it may leave the area or try to intimidate you
by charging to within a few feet before it withdraws.
• FIGHT BACK if a black bear attacks you. Black bears
have been driven away when people have fought back with
rocks, sticks, binoculars and even their bare hands.
WHO DO YOU CALL?
The Division of Wildlife is responsible for managing,
conserving and protecting wild life. Your concerns about
wildlife arc our concerns as well.
If you have a potentially life-threatening situation
with a black bear or if an injury occurs, please contact the
Division of Wildlife, Monday through Friday, 8 AM -5 PM,
as listed below. After hours, contact the Colorado State
Patrol or your local Sheriff's Department. To report property
damage, please contact the Division during normal
business hours. Your information is very valuable to us.
Division of Wildlife Headquarters: (303) 297-1192
Northeast Regional Service Center: (303) 291-7227
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216
West Regional Service Center
711 Independent Ave.
Grand junction, CO 81505
(970) 248-7175
Fort Collins Service Center
317 W. Prospect Rd.
Fort Collins, CO 80526
(970) 484-2836
Montrose Service Center
2300 S. Townsend Ave.
Montrose, CO 81401
(970) 249-3431
Southeast Service Center
2126 t . Weber St.
Colorndo Springs, CO 80907
(719) 473-2945
C0D0C
HR6
'2
/M86
/ 1997
C.4
LIVING
WITH
WILDLIFE
IN
BEAR COUNTRY
Colorado has been home to bears since their
earliest ancestors evolved in North America. TI1ese
large, powerful animals play an important role
in the ecosystem.
Today, increasing numbers of people routinely live
and play in bear country. For many people, seeing a
bear is rare and the high]jght of an outdoor experience.
Learning about bears and being aware of their habits
will help you fully appreciate these unique animals
and the habitat in which they live.
s
~
~~'\i
Co l o . Div. of Wildlife Library
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
�0 Q(o799
BLACK
BEARS AT
A GLANCE
SIGNS AND SOUNDS
Black bears are the most
common and generally the
smallest of North American
bears. Others include the
grizzly / brown and the polar bear. Today, only the black bear
is known to exist in Colorado. Although we do not know
exactly how many black bears live in Colorado, population
estimates range from 8,000 to 12,000 bears. A black bear may
live to be 20 years in the wild, although very few do, and
up to 25-30 years in captivity. Black bears are very agile, can
run in bursts up to 35 mph and can run up or down hills
quickly and easily. Their short, curved claws help them to
climb trees. Black bears are strong swimmers.
Threats to black bears include accidents, ctisease, motor
vehicles and starvation. Natural enemies include other bears
and mountain lions. Humans are responsible for the deaths
of most black bears: loss of habitat, feeding, illegal killing,
destruction of bears that pose a threat to people or livestock
and property, and hunting. Prior to 1935, there was unlimited
hunting of black bears. The designation of bears as game
animals in 1935 provided for their management.
Current regulations protect cubs and females with cubs.
Black bear tracks are very distinctive- the hind footprint resembles that of a human. All bears have 5 toes, with
the front foot short and about 4-5 inches
wide. The hind foot is long and narrow,
measuring about 7 inches. Claw marks
may or may not be visible.
• Bears use trails just as people do since
it's easier to travel on a trail than through
underbrush. Being aware of tracks, droppings and other bear signs (claw marks on
trees, rotten logs ripped apart and hair on
tree bark from rubbing), will allow you to
determine better the presence of bears.
HIND
• It's easy to recognize a black bear's sizable droppings
of plant leaves, partly digested berries, seeds or anima l hair.
• Black bears are solitary. They don't associate with other
bears except sows with cubs or during breeding. Bears may
gather at a place with abundant food --- for feeding.
• Bears are intelligent and curious. They can see colors,
form and movement. Although their vision is good, they
generally rely on their acute senses of smell and hearing
to locate food and warn them of danger.
• Adult black bears make a variety of sounds.
However, the most commonly heard sounds are woofii,g
and jaw-popping. The young ones whimper or bawl.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
HABITAT
• Urs11s nmerica1111s, meaning
• Black bears have long been viewed as forest dwelling
"American black bear" is t.he bear's
~
animals. However, an unbroken expanse of forest
scientific name. Despite the
doesn't provide enough food for black bears.
common name, black bear, they • • __ '>
('\~ They aced. be"J' pat<hes '"d st<rom bottoms
~)'"
to satisfy their appetites for plants
aren't always black. They may
~~
be honey-colored, blond, brown or
black. They may have a tan muzzle or
C;' ~
•· · · an~ in;1:~:lorado, the largest
a white spot on their chest. Most Colorado
.
black bear populations are
black bears are some shade of brown, and they
~\
found in areas dominated by
sometimes appear cinnamon-colored, leading
Gambel's oak and aspen near
some people to mistake them for grizzly bears.
<~
,
open areas of chokecherry
• A black bear's body appears heavy and is
~~
and serviceberry bushes.
supported by short, powerful legs. The highest·
•
Every bear has a home range
point of a black bear is the middle of it.s back.
where
it finds all it needs. It travels
There is no prominent shoulder hump as U,ere
to different areas of its home range
is on the larger grizzly bear.
as snow recedes, plants sprout and
• Black bears vary in size and weight, with
berries ripen.
males generally being larger than females. Adult
• In general, black bears may range
males average 275 pounds while the adult female may
from IO to 100 square miles. Adult
average 175 pounds. Depending on the season, food
males occupy the largest areas, while
supply and gender, they may weigh anywhere from
females usually estnblish their home
125 to 450 pounds. Black bears measure about 3 feet high
range close to their mothers'.
when on all 4 feet or about 5 feet tall standing upright.
�HUNTING AND FEEDING HABITS
BIRTH TO MATURITY
• Bears may be active anytime, day or night, most often
during morning and evening twilight. When not feeding
or looking for food, they rest in day beds - next to a log
in a windfall, in dense brush or in the depression left by an
uprooted tree.
• Black bears are omnivores - they eat both plants and
animals. About 90% of a bear's diet is made up of nutritious
plants, while about 10% of its diet consists of animals.
After a 2-3 month gestation period, 1 to 5 (usually 2)
tiny cubs arc born in midwinter. They arc blind, toothless
and covered with very fine hair at birth.
• Bears will eat broad-leafed flowering plants, berries,
nuts, insects, carrion (dead animal carcasses) and grasses.
They opportu nely eat anything edible!
• In late summer, black bears are trying to fatten up
for winter hibernation. During this period, they may be
actively feeding for up to 20 hours per day and may ingest
20,000 calories daily.
BEARS AND WINTER
Since little food is available during winter, bears would
have difficulty surviving if they remained active, so they
hibernate. In Colorado, female bears enter their dens in late
October and males in early November.
• Black bea rs commonly den in rock caverns, excava ted
holes beneath shrubs or trees, in hollow logs or rotten trees
and in brush thickets. Rock caverns are the most common
kind of den in western Colorado.
• A hibernating bear's heart rate and breathing slow, and
its body temperature drops 4 - 12° F. During this time, bears
do not eat, drink or eliminate body wastes. They maintain
their energy levels and water balance by using stored fat.
• When bears leave the den, snow may still be on the
ground, but greenup has usually begun at lower elevations.
Many bears will move to lower areas in spring. Also, it's a
couple of weeks before the bear's digestive system becomes
active. During this critical period, the bear must rely on the
remaining stored fat.
MATING AND BREEDING
• In Colorado, male bears are capable of breeding at
3 years of age. A few female bears may have cubs at 3 or 4
years, although 5 years is more common.
• Bears mate in early summer, but development of
the fertilized egg is delayed until November. If the
female enters the den in poor condition, it is believed
she will reabsorb the fertilized egg rather than continue
development of a fetus.
• The female bear generally does not breed again while
her cubs are with her.
• Nurtured with their mother's rich milk, they grow from
less than I pound at birth to an average of 10-20 pounds by
the time they all emerge from the den in mid-May.
• Care of the cubs rests solely with the female. The cubs
watch their mother and learn by mimicking her. Most black
bear cubs stay with their mother for 1 year. The young
may climb trees for protection or when they are threatened.
• By the time the black bem cubs' second spring arrives,
they have become more self-reliant. Littermates may stay
together through the summer and perhaps even den
together. Cubs will usually not reunite with their mother.
Some cubs separate from their mother in their first autumn
and become independent.
WHEN BLACK BEARS
MEET PEOPLE
Where bears and people share habitat, following
these simple precautions will reduce your risk of conflicts.
Learn as much as you can about bears and their habitat.
When you are in bear country, know what areas a bear may
use during the different seasons. Watch for bear sign (tracks
and droppings). Be aware of your surroundings and try to
determine if bears may be present.
Artwork by Linne,, Fronce.©
l'rlntl'd un rt'<yclcd paper.
Share this with a friend or neighbor.
�WHAT TO DO IF YOU LIVE IN
BEAR COUNTRY
WHAT TO DO WHEN CAMPING AND
HIKING IN BEAR COUNTRY
If you choose to live, or have a summer home, in bear
country, make sure you don't contribute to resident bears
becoming "garbage" bears. Most conflicts between bears
and people are linked to careless handling of food or
ga rbage. Don't let your carelessness cause the unnecessary
death of a bear. Learn to live responsibly with wildlife!
Black bears eat almost anything. They will eat human
food, garbage, hummingbird food, and pet and livestock
food when available. Once a bear has found the easily
accessible, consistent food source that human settlements
can offer, it may overcome its wariness of people and
visit regularly, increasing the chance of a human/bear
encounter. You and your neighbors can make a difference.
Your actions may prevent the unnecessary death of a bear!
• Make your property safe by keeping garbage out of
reach and smell of bears. Use bear-proof trash containers.
Contact Division of Wildlife for designs. Be sure garbage
cans are emptied regularly. PeriodiCillly clean garbage cans
to reduce residual odor- using hot water and chlorine
bleach or by burning. Store trash in a closed garage
or shed. Use a chain link enclosure with a top if a garage
or shed is not available.
• If you have pets, do not store their food or feed them
outside. Clean your BBQ grill of grease and store inside.
Hang bird seed, suet and hummingbird feeders on a wire
between trees instead of on your deck or porch. Bring all
bird feeders in at night. Do not put fruit, melon rinds and
other tasty items in mulch or compost piles.
• As you might guess, beehives attract bears. You can
protect your bees, honey and equipment if you surround
the hives with fences designed to keep bears out. Contact
Division of Wildlife for designs.
• Most bears sighted in residential areas within bear
habitat do not cause any damage. If a bear doesn't find
abundant food, it will move on.
Although black bears arc generally shy and avoid
human contacts, there arc some precautions you can take
to avoid encounters if you camp and hike in bear country.
You are responsible for doing all you can to prevent
conflicts with bears. If a bear gets food from you, it's
likely to behave more aggressively toward the next people
it meets. Don't reward a bear for associating with people.
DON'T
FEED
ANY
WILDLIFE!
CAMPING:
• KEEP YOUR CAMP CLEAN. Store your food and
garbage properly at all times. Keep your tent and sleeping
bag free of all food smells. Store the clothes you wore
while cooking or eating with your food. Burn all grease
off grills and camp stoves. Wipe table and clean up eating
area thoroughly.
• STORE YOUR FOOD SAFELY. Store all your food
and coolers in your car trunk or suspended from a tree -at least t0 feet off the ground and 4 feet out from the tree
trunk. Don't underestimate the ingenuity of a bear!
• DISPOSE OF GARBAGE PROPERLY. Put in in bearproof garbage cans where available or secure it with your
food then pack it out. Don't burn or bury garbage.
Bears will dig it up.
• SLEEP WELL AWAY FROM FOOD AREAS. Move some
distance away from your cooking area or food storage site.
• STOREANYTOI LETRJES SAFELY. Store them with
your food-the smell of toiletries may attract bears. Abstain
from sexual activity. Practice good personal hygiene.
HIKING:
• ENJOY THE WOODS! Hiking at dawn or dusk may
increase your chances of meeting a bear. Use extra caution
in places where hearing or visibility is limited: in brushy
areas, near streams, where trails round a bend or on windy
days. Reduce your chances of surprising a bear by making
noise - talk or sing.
• Make sure children are close to you or within your sight
at all times. Leave your dog at home or have it on a leash.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU MEET A
BLACK BEAR
There are no definite rules about what to do if you meet
n bear. In almost all cases, the bear will detect you first
and will leave the area. Bear attacks are rare compared to
the number of close encounters. However, if you do meet
a bear before it has had time to leave an area, here are some
suggestions. Remember: Every situation is different with
respect to the bear, the terrain, the people and their activity.
�
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WHO DO YOU CALL?
LIVING
WITH
WILDLIFE
The Di vision of Wildlife is responsible for managing,
conserving and protecting wildlife. Your concerns about wildlife
are our concerns as well.
If you have questions or problems related to coyotes, please
contact the Division of Wildlife, Monday through Friday, from 8
a.m. to 5 p.m.
Central Regional Office
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
(303) 291-7227
Denver Headquarters
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
(303) 297-1192
Northwest Regional Office
711 Independent Ave.
Grand Junction, CO 81505
(303) 248-7175
Northeast Regional Office
317 W. Prospect Rd.
Fort Collins, CO 80526
(303) 484-2836
Southwest Regional Office
2300 S. Townsend Ave.
Montrose, CO 81401
(303) 249-3431
Southeast Regional Office
2126 N. Weber St.
Colorado Springs, CO 80907
(719) 473-2945
SOURCES, REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL
READING
The Clever Coyote, 1951, by S.P. Young and H.H.T. Jackson,
Mammalian Species #79, The Stackpole Company, Pennsylvania.
Coyotes: Biology, Behavior n11d Mn11ngemeut, 1978, M. Bekoff,
Academic Press, New York.
Social Ecology and Behavior of Coyotes, 1986, M. Bekoff and M.C.
Wells, Advances in the Study of Behavior, 16.
Coyote Space Use i11 Relation of Prei; Ab1111dn11ce, 1991, L.S. Mills and
F.F. Knowlton, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69.
C/in11ges in Body Size Associated with Range Expansion i11 the Coyotes
(Cn11is Intrans), 1991, J.M. Thurber and R.O. Peterson, Journal of
Mammalogy, 72.
A Coyote Render, 1993, W. Bright, California Press, Berkeley.
Colorado Wildlife, 1990, J. Rennicke, Falcon Press, Montana.
Coyote, M. Bekoff, Wild Mammals of North America: Biology,
Management and Economics, 447, Johns Hopkins. University
Press, Baltimore.
Artwork by Linnea Fronce© Printed on recycled paper.
i
f~~rl~~~
:r:_
;i~~r ,_
IN COYOTE
COUNTRY
a
DEPARTMENT OF
NATURAL
RESOURCES
�COYOTE
CAPSULE
The name "Coyote" (Canis
Latrans ) is derived from the
Aztec word "coyotl." They are
found throughout the United
States (except Hawaii) and in
most of Canada. Prior to 1900,
coyotes were restricted to areas
west of the Mississippi in the
United States and west of Ontario's
Lake Nipigon in Canada.
The coyote is a member of the canid family of
which includes both wolves and domestic dogs.
The coyote's success is attributed to the decline of
wolf populations and the coyote's own ability to
adapt. Coyotes have adjusted very well to humandisturbed environments, and now thrive in close
proximity to people.
Coyotes are opportunistic hunters. They prey on
small mammals, domestic pets, livestock and
domestic fowl but will readily eat carrion and plants.
A coyote will adjust its diet depending on the food
that is available.
In Colorado, coyotes are classified as a game
species and may be taken year-round with either
small game or furbearer license. Landowners may
kill coyotes, without a license on their land if the
coyotes threaten their property or livestock.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
• Coyotes range in color from near black to offwhite. Coyotes in the southwest deserts are the
smallest and lightest in color, whereas those in the
northern forests are the largest and darkest. Colorado
coyotes are usually rust colored with a white or gray
throat and belly.
• Like other predators, coyotes vary in size. The
males are larger than the females. The average size of
a coyote is 37 inches long and 18 inches high. Their
weight varies from 20 to SO pounds.
• The coyote is distinguished by its long narrow
snout, pointed ears and general dog-like appearance.
TELL-TALE SIGNS
• Coyote tracks are very similar to other members
of the dog family. Imprints show four toes and toe
nails; front tracks are larger than the
4 l
rear. The front tracks are 2 to 3 long
and 2 inches wide. Rear tracks are
2 inches long and 1 1/2 inches
wide.
III
• ThefrscatSvadablelas~e
-~
and consistency, depending on diet. It often contains hair, berries, bone
fragments and seeds. You are likely to find droppings
along trails, atop knolls, near boulders or prominent
tufts of grass.
• Coyotes may be the most vocal of all
land mammals. Although most people
are familiar with the coyote's howl, the
animal actually has a language which
incorporates a variety of sounds. They
have long clear calls in addition to
barks and yips. Their vocalizations are
designed to bring individuals together or
let other coyotes know their location.
HABITAT
• Coyotes have expanded their range over the last
century. They are found in all habitats, ranging from
grasslands and deserts to urban areas and
mountains.
• Coyotes are common in areas where rabbits, mice
and gophers live. These may include lush rangelands
or overgrazed pastures.
• In order to provide shelter for their pups, coyotes
den in a wide variety of places, including brushcovered slopes, steep banks, rock ledges, thickets
hollow logs. They will also dig their own burrows.
Dens of other animals are frequently used.
�BEHAVIOR
• Coyotes may travel alone, in pairs or small
groups. One factor that seems to affect coyote
sociability is prey size. In populations where the
major prey items are small rodents, coyotes tend to
be solitary. In populations where large animals like
deer, are available, large groups of coyotes are
formed . Coyotes tend to be more social during
winter, when carrion is a very important food source.
• Females generally have a home range of a few
square miles; males wander over larger areas.
• They are generally nocturnal and sometimes
diurnal. When coyotes are in close association with
man with no disturbance (trapping or
"
hunting), they are less timid and are
,,.
frequently seen during the day.
.• :·1
• The female prepares the den. The male assists in
the raising of the young and initially supplies most of
the food. The pups are born blind and hairless. They
begin eating meat at 8 weeks of age and start hunting
between 8-12 weeks.
• The pups disperse between November and
March. The family may hunt together temporarily in
mid-winter but do not form true packs.
• People should never approach pups or attempt to
take them from a denning area. Even if you see pups
unattended, their parents are usually just a short
distance away. Adults rarely abandon their young.
• Coyotes have excellent senses of
hearing and smell. Coyotes are
very clever predators. They have
been known to kill porcupines
without being quilled. They will
also use teamwork to bring down
prey.
i- I
.,,.,
l ·.:J,i
MATING AND
BREEDING
:~~ ; ~~ I
'.I' ':'
• Coyotes typically pair for life. If one
dies, the other will look for another
mate.
,•
-.-·,,,
,,,
• They are capable and will breed
with domestic dogs.
~
/ I
,
•
I
'
.,..4i,--_ :-: :.
~--:i:r---.. ;.,._ -
~ - - - ~ ~--~_ _ ')o' ....~ c .
• Breeding occurs between January and
March. Males are capable of breeding when
they are less than one year old.
~
---
"•:.. -
s:: 1,/
-•:.⇒::.:... ·- - -- ·:::-----.
'
�THE CUNNING COYOTE
Perhaps no other wild animal has endured the
wrath of humans while evoking such genuine
heartfelt admiration than the coyote. Some people
curse their existence; Native Americans consider
them to be the smartest animal on earth ("God's
dog") and many urbanites revel in opportunities to
see and hear these vocal predators.
Coyotes are extremely adaptable animals and
rapidly adjust to changing conditions. In the past,
wildlife managers have found that coyote
populations can actually expand rather than decline
in response to eradication attempts. As a result, a
variety of lethal and non-lethal control methods are
used to manage populations and control damage.
Found in most of North America, coyotes are
most abundant on the open prajrie and deserts. They
are comfortable in the country, mountains or in cities,
as long as there is appropriate shelter and food. As a
result, people must be aware of their presence and
take precautions to avoid conflict with them.
With a better understanding of coyotes and their
habitat, humans can coexist with these adaptable and
cunning animals.
WHEN COYOTES MEET
PEOPLE
Coyotes' behavior varies depending upon its
environment. In the wild where ~hey are actively
hunted and trapped, coyotes are generally elusive.
Near cities or in areas where hw1ting and trapping is
not allowed, coyotes may be aggressive. In urban
settings, they can lose their fear of people and may
threaten domestic pets. Although attacks on humans
are extremely rare, there have been cases where
coyotes have attacked young children.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU LIVE
IN COYOTE COUNTRY
• If you live in areas where coyotes have been seen,
PROTECT YOUR PETS! Coyotes will attack and kill
cats and dogs. Do not allow your pets to roam,
especially at night.
Make sure your yard is
appropriately fenced. We
suggest at least a sixfoot fence or better yet,
keep your dog in a
completely enclosed
kennel.
• Do not allow dogs
to nm with coyotes.
Although it appears
they are "playing,"
coyotes can turn on
dogs to defend their
territory.
• Don't leave pet food
outside. This invites wildlife into your yard and
problems may result.
• Protect livestock, especially chickens, young
calves and sheep. Contact your local extension office
for appropriate methods to prevent depredation.
• Keep your garbage in a storage facility or in a
tightly sealed container. Clean garbage cans regularly
to reduce residual odors by using hot water and
chlorine bleach.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU MEET
A COYOTE
• Coyotes provide an enjoyable wildlife viewing
experience. Keep your distance and do not approach
the animals. Enjoy the opportunity to view wildlife.
• Keep your pets on a leash when walking them.
• If a coyote approaches you or your pet, you can
use an animal repellent, like pepper spray, to ward
off the coyote. Or, throw rocks or sticks at the coyote
to scare it away.
• Use a loud, authoritative voice to frighten the
animal.
�
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coooc
WHO DO YOU CALL?
The Division of Wildlife is responsible for managing,
col)Serving and protecting wildlife. Your concerns about
wildlife are our concerns as well.
lf you have a potentially life-threatening situation with a
black bear or if an injury occurs, please contact the Division of
Wildlife, Monday through Friday, 8 AM· 5 PM, as listed below.
After hours, contact the Colorado State Patrol or your local
Sheriff's Department. To report property damage, please contact
the Division during normal business hours. Your information is
very valuable to us.
Central Regional Office
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
(303) 291-7227 or 297-1192
,Northwest Regional Office
711 Independent Ave.
Grand Junction, CO 81505
(303) 248-7175
Northeast Regional Office
317 W. Prospect Rd.
Fort Collins, CO 80526
(303) 484--2836
Southwest Regional Office
23005. Townsend Ave.
Montrose, CO 81401
(303) 249-3431
Southeast Regional Office
2126N. WeberSt.
Colorado Springs, CO 80907
(719) 473-2945
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT
BLACK BEARS
For the most part, _people and wildlife can coexist. Living
with wildlife is an enjoyable part of being a resident of Colora~o.
The key to coexisting is to respect wildlife and its habitat. You
can learn more about black bears by reading any of the follmving
books.
Bears-Their Biology mid Management, 1992, Proceedings from
the lntemational Conference on Bear Resear.ch and Management
~~~~19~19~1%~ 19~19~ 1• i
Black Bear: T/ie Spirit of tire Wilderness, 1981, by Barbara Ford,
Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Black Bears of West-Central Colorado, 1991, by Tom Beck, Colo.
Division of Wildlife, Technical Publication #39.
Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance, 1985, by Stephen
Herrero, Nick Lyons Books/Winchester Press, New York, NY.
The Wonder Series: Tlie Everywliere Bear, A Story and Activities by
Sandra Chisholm Robinson, Denver Museum of Natural
History, CO.
Artwork by Linnea Fronce."
Printed on recycled pa per.
Share this with a friend or neighbor.
NR6
LIVING
1992
WITH
C.4
WILDLIFE
.2
/M86
ARY
WILD ~
•
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~
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f"F
IN
BEAR COUNTRY
Colorado has been home to bears since their
earliest ancestors crossed the Bering Land Bridge.
These large, powerful animals play an important role
in the ecosystem.
Today, increasing numbers of people routinely
live and play in bear country. For many people,
seeing a bear is rare and the highlight of an outdoor
experience. Leaming about bears and being aware
of their habits will help you fully appreciate these
unique animals and the habitat in which they live.
�BLACK
BEARS AT
A GLANCE
Black bears are the most
common and generally the
smallest of North American bears.
Others include the grizzly /brown and the
polar bear. Today, only the black bear is known to exist in
Colorado. Although we do not know exactly how many
black bears live in Colorado, population estimates range from
8,000 to 12,000 bears. A black bear may live to be 20 years in
the wild, although very few do, and up to 25-30 years in
captivity. Black bears are very agile, can run in bursts up to
35 mph and can run up or down hills quickly and easily.
Their short, curved claws help them to climb trees. Black
bears are strong swimmers.
Threats to black bears include accidents, disease, motor
vehicles and starvation. Natural enemies include other bears
and mountain lions. Humans are responsible for the deaths
of most black bears: loss of habitat, feeding, ~legal killing,
destruction of bears that pose a threat to people or livestock
and property, and hunting. Prior to 1935, there was
unlimited hunting of black bears. The designation of bears as
game animals in 1935 provided for their management.
Current regulations protect cubs and females with cubs.
SIGNS AND SOUNDS
• Black bear tracks are very distinctive - the hind footprint
resembles that of a human. All bears have 5 toes, with the
front foot short and about 4-5 inches wide. The
hind foot is long and narrow, measuring about 7 , 0 0
incl1es. Claw marks may or may not be
OOO o
visible.
~
• Bears use trails just as people do since it's
'-----J
easier to travel on a trail than through
FRONT
,
underbrush. Being aware of tracks, droppings
o 0°
and other bear signs (claw marks on trees, rotten logs
Q
(
ripped apart and hair on tree bark from rubbing), will
allow you to determine better the presence of bears.
• It's easy to recognize a black bear's sizable droppings of
plant leaves, partly digested berries, seeds or animal hair.
• Black bears are solitary. They don't associate with other
bears except sows with cubs or during breeding. Bears may HIN!
gather at a place with abundant food - for feeding.
• Bears are intelligent and curious. TI1ey can sec colors,
form and movement. Although their vision is good, they
generally rely on their acute senses of smell and hearing to
locate food and warn them of danger.
• Adult black bears make a variety of sounds. However,
the most commonly heard sounds are woofing and jawpopping. TI1e young ones whimper or bawl.
C
Q
HABITAT
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
•
Urs11s a111eria11111s, meaning "American black bear" is the
bear's scientific name. Despite the common name, black
bear, they aren't always black. They may be honey-<:olored,
blond, brown or black. They may have a tan muzzle or
a white spot on their chest. Most Colorado black
bears are some shade of brown, and they sometimes
appear cinnamon-colored, leading some people to
mistake them for grizzly bears.
• A black bear's body appears heavy and is supported by
short, powerful legs. The highest point of a black bear is the
middle of its back. There is no prominent shoulder hump as
there is on the larger grizzly bear.
• Black bears vary in size and weight, with males generally
being larger than females. Adult males average 275 pounds
while tl1e adult female may average 175 pounds. Depending
on the season, food supply and gender, they may weigh
anywhere from 125 to 450 pounds. Black bears measure
about 3 feet higli when on au 4 feet or about 5 feet tall
standing upright.
• Black bears have long been viewed as forest dwelling
animals. However, an unbroken expanse of forest doesn't
provide enough food for black bears. They need berry
patclies and stream bottoms to satisfy their appetites for
plants and insects.
• In Colorado, the largest black bear populations are found
in areas dominated by Gambel's oak and aspen near open
areas of chokecherry and serviceberry bushes.
• Every bear has a home
range where it finds all it
needs. It travels to
different areas of its
home range as snow
recedes, plants sprout
and berries ripen.
• In general, black
bears may range from 10 to
100 square miles. Adult
males occupy the largest
areas, while females usually
establish their home range
close to their mothers'.
�)
HUNTING AND FEEDING HABITS
MATING AND BREEDING
• Bears may be active anytime, day or night, most often
during morning and evening twilight. When not feeding or
looking for food, they rest in day beds - next to a log in a
windfall, in dense bmsh or in the depression left by an
uprooted tree.
• Black bears are omnivores - they eat both plants and
animals. About 90% of a bear's diet is made up of nutritious
plants, while about 10%of its diet consists of animals.
• Bears will eat broad-leafed flowering plants, berries, nuts,
insects, carrion (dead animal carcasses) and grasses. TI1cy
opportunely eat anything edible!
• In late summer, black bears are trying to fatten up for
winter hibernation. During this period, they may be actively
feeding for up to 20 hours per day and may ingest 20,000
calories daily.
• In Colorado, male bears are capable of breeding at 3 years
of age. A few female bears may have cubs at 3 or 4 years,
although 5 years is more common.
• Bears mate in early summer, but development of the
fertilized egg is delayed until November. If the female enters
the den in poor condition, it is believed she will reabsorb the
fertilized egg rather than continue development of a fetus.
• TI1e female bear generally does not breed again while her
cubs are with her.
BIRTH TO MATURITY
• After a 2-3 month gestation period, 1 to 5 (usually 2) tiny
cubs are born in midwinter. They are blind, toothless and
covered with very fine hair at birth.
• Nurtured with their mother's rich milk, they grow from
less than I pound at birth to an average of 10-20 pounds by
the time they all emerge from the den' in mid-May.
BEARS AND WINTER
• Since little food is available during winter, bears would
• Care of the cubs rests solely with the female. The cubs
have difficulty surviving if they remained active, so they
watch their mother and learn by mimicking her. Most black
hibernate. In Colorado, femaJe bears enter their dens in late
bear cubs stay with their mother for 1 year. The young may
October and males in early November.
climb trees for protection or when they areJhreatened.
• Black bears commonly den in rock c_averns, excavated
By the time the black bear cubs' second
holes beneath shrubs or trees, in hollow logs or rotten
_ spring arrives, they have become more selftrees and in brush thickets. Rock caverns are the
~ -~."'.", .
reliant. Littermates may stay together
most common kind of den in western
,,,..,.----;,.,,l~
p -~J;--;,: through the summer a~d perhaps even
Colorado.
~
~~
den together. Cubs will usually not
• A hibernating bear's heart
.,_,,<. . ,
·"~t ~ ~,f.!_J8'f -:"·' ""~ - •'.L
_
reunite i..~th their mother. Some cubs
rate and breathing slow, and '
.;,- l 'J.,l ~
.;?+pseparate from their mother in their first
its body temperature drops 4 •
autumn and become independent.
12° F. During this time,
bears do not eat, drink or
eliminate body wastes.
They maintain their
energy levels and water
balance by using stored
fat.
• When bears leave
the den, snow may still
be on the ground, but
greenup has usually
begun at lower
elevations. Many bears
will move lo lower areas in spring. Also, it's a couple of
weeks before the bear's digestive system becomes active.
During this critical period, the bear must rely on the
remaining stored fat.
·-<-~efp -
!.
�WHEN BLACK BEARS
MEET PEOPLE
WHAT TO DO IF YOU MEET A
BLACK BEAR
Where bears and people share habitat, following these
simple precautions will reduce your risk of conflicts. Learn
as much as you can about bears and their habitat. When you
are in bear country, know what areas a bear may use during
the different seasons. Watch for bear sign (tracks and
droppings). Be aware of your surroundings and try to
determine if bears may be present.
There are no definite rules about what to do if you meet a
bear. ln almost all cases, the bear will detect you first and
will leave the area. Bear attacks are rare compared to the
number of close encounters. However, if you do meet a bear
before it has had time to leave an area, here are some
suggestions. Remember: Every situation is different with
respect to the bear, the terrain, the people and their activity.
• STAY CALM. Uyou see a bear and it hasn't seen you,
calmly leave the area. As you move away, talk aloud to let
the bear discover your presence.
• STOP. Back away slowly while facing the bear. Avoid
direct eye contact as bears may perceive this as a threat. Give
the bear plenty of room to escape. Wild bears rarely attack
people unless they feel threatened or provoked.
• 1f on a trail, step off the trail on the downhill side and
slowly leave the area. Don't run or make any sudden
movements. Running is likely to prompt the bear to give
chase and you can't outrun a bear.
• SPEAK SOITLY. This may reassure the bear that no
harm is meant to it. Try not to show fear.
• Coming between a female and her cubs can be
dangerous. 1f a cub is nearby, try to move away from it.
Be alert- other cubs may be in the area.
• Bears use all their senses to try to identify what you are.
Remember: Their eyesight is good and their sense of smell is
acute. 1f a bear stands upright or moves closer, it may be
trying to detect smells in the air. This isn't a sign of
aggression. Once it identifies you, it may leave the area or
try to intimidate you by charging to within ~ few feet before
it withdraws.
• FIGHT BACK if a black bear attacks you. Black bears
have been driven away when people have fought back with
rocks, sticks, binoculars and even their bare hands.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU LIVE IN
BEAR COUNTRY
U you choose to live, or have a summer home, in bear
country, make sure you don't contnbute to resident bears
becoming "garbage" bears. Most conflicts between bears and
people are linked to careless handling of food or garbage.
Don't let your carelessness cause the unnecessary death of a
bear. Learn to live responsibly with wildlife!
Black bears eat almost anything. They will eat human
food, garbage, hummingbird food, and pet and livestock
food when available. Once a bear has found the easily
accessible, consistent food source that human settlements can
offer, it may overcome its wariness of people and visit
regularly, increasing the chance of a human/bear encounter.
You and your neighbors can make a difference. Your actions
may prevent the unnecessary death of a bear!
• Make your property safe by keeping garbage out of reach
and smell of bears. Use bear-proof trash containers. Contact
Division of.Wildlife for designs. Be sure garbage cans are
emptied regularly. Periodically clean garbage cans to reduce
residual odor - using hot water and chlorine bleach or by
burning. Store trash in a closed garage or shed. Use a chain
link enclosure with a top if a garage or shed is not available.
• Uyou have pets, do not store their food or feed them
outside. Clean your BBQ grill of grease and store inside.
Hang bird seed, suet and hummingbird feede.rs on a wire
between trees instead of on your deck or porch. Bring all
bird feeders in at night. Do not put fruit, melon rinds and
other tasty items in mulch or compost piles.
, • As you might guess, beehives attract bears. You can
protect your bees, honey and equipment if you surround the
hives with fences designed to keep bears out. Contact
Division of Wildlife for designs.
• Most bears sighted in residential areas within bear
habitat do not cause any damage. Ua bear doesn't find
abundant food, it will
move on.
DON'T FEED
ANY WILDLIFE!
0
�
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• STAY CALM. If you see a bear and it hasn't seen you,
calmly leave the area. As you move away, talk aloud to
let the bear discover your presence.
• STOP. Back away slowly while faci ng the bear. Avoid
direct eye contact as bears may perceive this as a threa t.
Give the bear plenty of room to escape. Wild bears rarely
attack people unless they feel threatened or provoked.
• If on a trail, step off the trail on the downhill side and
slowly leave the area. Don't run or make any sudden
movements. Running is likely to prompt the bear to give
chase and you can't outrun a bear.
• SPEAK SOFTLY. This may reassure the bear that no
harm is meant to it. Try not to show fear.
• Coming between a female and her cubs can be
dangerous. If a cub is nearby, try to move away from it.
Be alert - other cubs may be in the area.
• Bears use all their senses to try to identify what you are.
Remember: Their eyesight is good and their sense of smell is
acute. lf a bear stands upright or moves closer, it may be trying
to detect smells in the air. This isn't a sign of aggression. Once
it identifies you, it may leave the area or try to intimidate you
by charging to within a few feet before it withdraws.
• FIGHT BACK if a black bear attacks you. Black bears
have been driven away when people have fought back with
rocks, sticks, binoculars and even their bare hands.
WHO DO YOU CALL?
The Division of Wildlife is responsible for managing,
conserving and protecting wild life. Your concerns about
wildlife arc our concerns as well.
If you have a potentially life-threatening situation
with a black bear or if an injury occurs, please contact the
Division of Wildlife, Monday through Friday, 8 AM -5 PM,
as listed below. After hours, contact the Colorado State
Patrol or your local Sheriff's Department. To report property
damage, please contact the Division during normal
business hours. Your information is very valuable to us.
Division of Wildlife Headquarters: (303) 297-1192
Northeast Regional Service Center: (303) 291-7227
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216
West Regional Service Center
711 Independent Ave.
Grand junction, CO 81505
(970) 248-7175
Fort Collins Service Center
317 W. Prospect Rd.
Fort Collins, CO 80526
(970) 484-2836
Montrose Service Center
2300 S. Townsend Ave.
Montrose, CO 81401
(970) 249-3431
Southeast Service Center
2126 t . Weber St.
Colorndo Springs, CO 80907
(719) 473-2945
C0D0C
HR6
'2
/M86
/ 1997
C.4
LIVING
WITH
WILDLIFE
IN
BEAR COUNTRY
Colorado has been home to bears since their
earliest ancestors evolved in North America. TI1ese
large, powerful animals play an important role
in the ecosystem.
Today, increasing numbers of people routinely live
and play in bear country. For many people, seeing a
bear is rare and the high]jght of an outdoor experience.
Learning about bears and being aware of their habits
will help you fully appreciate these unique animals
and the habitat in which they live.
s
~
~~'\i
Co l o . Div. of Wildlife Library
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
�0 Q(o799
BLACK
BEARS AT
A GLANCE
SIGNS AND SOUNDS
Black bears are the most
common and generally the
smallest of North American
bears. Others include the
grizzly / brown and the polar bear. Today, only the black bear
is known to exist in Colorado. Although we do not know
exactly how many black bears live in Colorado, population
estimates range from 8,000 to 12,000 bears. A black bear may
live to be 20 years in the wild, although very few do, and
up to 25-30 years in captivity. Black bears are very agile, can
run in bursts up to 35 mph and can run up or down hills
quickly and easily. Their short, curved claws help them to
climb trees. Black bears are strong swimmers.
Threats to black bears include accidents, ctisease, motor
vehicles and starvation. Natural enemies include other bears
and mountain lions. Humans are responsible for the deaths
of most black bears: loss of habitat, feeding, illegal killing,
destruction of bears that pose a threat to people or livestock
and property, and hunting. Prior to 1935, there was unlimited
hunting of black bears. The designation of bears as game
animals in 1935 provided for their management.
Current regulations protect cubs and females with cubs.
Black bear tracks are very distinctive- the hind footprint resembles that of a human. All bears have 5 toes, with
the front foot short and about 4-5 inches
wide. The hind foot is long and narrow,
measuring about 7 inches. Claw marks
may or may not be visible.
• Bears use trails just as people do since
it's easier to travel on a trail than through
underbrush. Being aware of tracks, droppings and other bear signs (claw marks on
trees, rotten logs ripped apart and hair on
tree bark from rubbing), will allow you to
determine better the presence of bears.
HIND
• It's easy to recognize a black bear's sizable droppings
of plant leaves, partly digested berries, seeds or anima l hair.
• Black bears are solitary. They don't associate with other
bears except sows with cubs or during breeding. Bears may
gather at a place with abundant food --- for feeding.
• Bears are intelligent and curious. They can see colors,
form and movement. Although their vision is good, they
generally rely on their acute senses of smell and hearing
to locate food and warn them of danger.
• Adult black bears make a variety of sounds.
However, the most commonly heard sounds are woofii,g
and jaw-popping. The young ones whimper or bawl.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
HABITAT
• Urs11s nmerica1111s, meaning
• Black bears have long been viewed as forest dwelling
"American black bear" is t.he bear's
~
animals. However, an unbroken expanse of forest
scientific name. Despite the
doesn't provide enough food for black bears.
common name, black bear, they • • __ '>
('\~ They aced. be"J' pat<hes '"d st<rom bottoms
~)'"
to satisfy their appetites for plants
aren't always black. They may
~~
be honey-colored, blond, brown or
black. They may have a tan muzzle or
C;' ~
•· · · an~ in;1:~:lorado, the largest
a white spot on their chest. Most Colorado
.
black bear populations are
black bears are some shade of brown, and they
~\
found in areas dominated by
sometimes appear cinnamon-colored, leading
Gambel's oak and aspen near
some people to mistake them for grizzly bears.
<~
,
open areas of chokecherry
• A black bear's body appears heavy and is
~~
and serviceberry bushes.
supported by short, powerful legs. The highest·
•
Every bear has a home range
point of a black bear is the middle of it.s back.
where
it finds all it needs. It travels
There is no prominent shoulder hump as U,ere
to different areas of its home range
is on the larger grizzly bear.
as snow recedes, plants sprout and
• Black bears vary in size and weight, with
berries ripen.
males generally being larger than females. Adult
• In general, black bears may range
males average 275 pounds while the adult female may
from IO to 100 square miles. Adult
average 175 pounds. Depending on the season, food
males occupy the largest areas, while
supply and gender, they may weigh anywhere from
females usually estnblish their home
125 to 450 pounds. Black bears measure about 3 feet high
range close to their mothers'.
when on all 4 feet or about 5 feet tall standing upright.
�HUNTING AND FEEDING HABITS
BIRTH TO MATURITY
• Bears may be active anytime, day or night, most often
during morning and evening twilight. When not feeding
or looking for food, they rest in day beds - next to a log
in a windfall, in dense brush or in the depression left by an
uprooted tree.
• Black bears are omnivores - they eat both plants and
animals. About 90% of a bear's diet is made up of nutritious
plants, while about 10% of its diet consists of animals.
After a 2-3 month gestation period, 1 to 5 (usually 2)
tiny cubs arc born in midwinter. They arc blind, toothless
and covered with very fine hair at birth.
• Bears will eat broad-leafed flowering plants, berries,
nuts, insects, carrion (dead animal carcasses) and grasses.
They opportu nely eat anything edible!
• In late summer, black bears are trying to fatten up
for winter hibernation. During this period, they may be
actively feeding for up to 20 hours per day and may ingest
20,000 calories daily.
BEARS AND WINTER
Since little food is available during winter, bears would
have difficulty surviving if they remained active, so they
hibernate. In Colorado, female bears enter their dens in late
October and males in early November.
• Black bea rs commonly den in rock caverns, excava ted
holes beneath shrubs or trees, in hollow logs or rotten trees
and in brush thickets. Rock caverns are the most common
kind of den in western Colorado.
• A hibernating bear's heart rate and breathing slow, and
its body temperature drops 4 - 12° F. During this time, bears
do not eat, drink or eliminate body wastes. They maintain
their energy levels and water balance by using stored fat.
• When bears leave the den, snow may still be on the
ground, but greenup has usually begun at lower elevations.
Many bears will move to lower areas in spring. Also, it's a
couple of weeks before the bear's digestive system becomes
active. During this critical period, the bear must rely on the
remaining stored fat.
MATING AND BREEDING
• In Colorado, male bears are capable of breeding at
3 years of age. A few female bears may have cubs at 3 or 4
years, although 5 years is more common.
• Bears mate in early summer, but development of
the fertilized egg is delayed until November. If the
female enters the den in poor condition, it is believed
she will reabsorb the fertilized egg rather than continue
development of a fetus.
• The female bear generally does not breed again while
her cubs are with her.
• Nurtured with their mother's rich milk, they grow from
less than I pound at birth to an average of 10-20 pounds by
the time they all emerge from the den in mid-May.
• Care of the cubs rests solely with the female. The cubs
watch their mother and learn by mimicking her. Most black
bear cubs stay with their mother for 1 year. The young
may climb trees for protection or when they are threatened.
• By the time the black bem cubs' second spring arrives,
they have become more self-reliant. Littermates may stay
together through the summer and perhaps even den
together. Cubs will usually not reunite with their mother.
Some cubs separate from their mother in their first autumn
and become independent.
WHEN BLACK BEARS
MEET PEOPLE
Where bears and people share habitat, following
these simple precautions will reduce your risk of conflicts.
Learn as much as you can about bears and their habitat.
When you are in bear country, know what areas a bear may
use during the different seasons. Watch for bear sign (tracks
and droppings). Be aware of your surroundings and try to
determine if bears may be present.
Artwork by Linne,, Fronce.©
l'rlntl'd un rt'<yclcd paper.
Share this with a friend or neighbor.
�WHAT TO DO IF YOU LIVE IN
BEAR COUNTRY
WHAT TO DO WHEN CAMPING AND
HIKING IN BEAR COUNTRY
If you choose to live, or have a summer home, in bear
country, make sure you don't contribute to resident bears
becoming "garbage" bears. Most conflicts between bears
and people are linked to careless handling of food or
ga rbage. Don't let your carelessness cause the unnecessary
death of a bear. Learn to live responsibly with wildlife!
Black bears eat almost anything. They will eat human
food, garbage, hummingbird food, and pet and livestock
food when available. Once a bear has found the easily
accessible, consistent food source that human settlements
can offer, it may overcome its wariness of people and
visit regularly, increasing the chance of a human/bear
encounter. You and your neighbors can make a difference.
Your actions may prevent the unnecessary death of a bear!
• Make your property safe by keeping garbage out of
reach and smell of bears. Use bear-proof trash containers.
Contact Division of Wildlife for designs. Be sure garbage
cans are emptied regularly. PeriodiCillly clean garbage cans
to reduce residual odor- using hot water and chlorine
bleach or by burning. Store trash in a closed garage
or shed. Use a chain link enclosure with a top if a garage
or shed is not available.
• If you have pets, do not store their food or feed them
outside. Clean your BBQ grill of grease and store inside.
Hang bird seed, suet and hummingbird feeders on a wire
between trees instead of on your deck or porch. Bring all
bird feeders in at night. Do not put fruit, melon rinds and
other tasty items in mulch or compost piles.
• As you might guess, beehives attract bears. You can
protect your bees, honey and equipment if you surround
the hives with fences designed to keep bears out. Contact
Division of Wildlife for designs.
• Most bears sighted in residential areas within bear
habitat do not cause any damage. If a bear doesn't find
abundant food, it will move on.
Although black bears arc generally shy and avoid
human contacts, there arc some precautions you can take
to avoid encounters if you camp and hike in bear country.
You are responsible for doing all you can to prevent
conflicts with bears. If a bear gets food from you, it's
likely to behave more aggressively toward the next people
it meets. Don't reward a bear for associating with people.
DON'T
FEED
ANY
WILDLIFE!
CAMPING:
• KEEP YOUR CAMP CLEAN. Store your food and
garbage properly at all times. Keep your tent and sleeping
bag free of all food smells. Store the clothes you wore
while cooking or eating with your food. Burn all grease
off grills and camp stoves. Wipe table and clean up eating
area thoroughly.
• STORE YOUR FOOD SAFELY. Store all your food
and coolers in your car trunk or suspended from a tree -at least t0 feet off the ground and 4 feet out from the tree
trunk. Don't underestimate the ingenuity of a bear!
• DISPOSE OF GARBAGE PROPERLY. Put in in bearproof garbage cans where available or secure it with your
food then pack it out. Don't burn or bury garbage.
Bears will dig it up.
• SLEEP WELL AWAY FROM FOOD AREAS. Move some
distance away from your cooking area or food storage site.
• STOREANYTOI LETRJES SAFELY. Store them with
your food-the smell of toiletries may attract bears. Abstain
from sexual activity. Practice good personal hygiene.
HIKING:
• ENJOY THE WOODS! Hiking at dawn or dusk may
increase your chances of meeting a bear. Use extra caution
in places where hearing or visibility is limited: in brushy
areas, near streams, where trails round a bend or on windy
days. Reduce your chances of surprising a bear by making
noise - talk or sing.
• Make sure children are close to you or within your sight
at all times. Leave your dog at home or have it on a leash.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU MEET A
BLACK BEAR
There are no definite rules about what to do if you meet
n bear. In almost all cases, the bear will detect you first
and will leave the area. Bear attacks are rare compared to
the number of close encounters. However, if you do meet
a bear before it has had time to leave an area, here are some
suggestions. Remember: Every situation is different with
respect to the bear, the terrain, the people and their activity.
�
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Text
WHO DO YOU CALL?
LIVING
WITH
WILDLIFE
The Di vision of Wildlife is responsible for managing,
conserving and protecting wildlife. Your concerns about wildlife
are our concerns as well.
If you have questions or problems related to coyotes, please
contact the Division of Wildlife, Monday through Friday, from 8
a.m. to 5 p.m.
Central Regional Office
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
(303) 291-7227
Denver Headquarters
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
(303) 297-1192
Northwest Regional Office
711 Independent Ave.
Grand Junction, CO 81505
(303) 248-7175
Northeast Regional Office
317 W. Prospect Rd.
Fort Collins, CO 80526
(303) 484-2836
Southwest Regional Office
2300 S. Townsend Ave.
Montrose, CO 81401
(303) 249-3431
Southeast Regional Office
2126 N. Weber St.
Colorado Springs, CO 80907
(719) 473-2945
SOURCES, REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL
READING
The Clever Coyote, 1951, by S.P. Young and H.H.T. Jackson,
Mammalian Species #79, The Stackpole Company, Pennsylvania.
Coyotes: Biology, Behavior n11d Mn11ngemeut, 1978, M. Bekoff,
Academic Press, New York.
Social Ecology and Behavior of Coyotes, 1986, M. Bekoff and M.C.
Wells, Advances in the Study of Behavior, 16.
Coyote Space Use i11 Relation of Prei; Ab1111dn11ce, 1991, L.S. Mills and
F.F. Knowlton, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69.
C/in11ges in Body Size Associated with Range Expansion i11 the Coyotes
(Cn11is Intrans), 1991, J.M. Thurber and R.O. Peterson, Journal of
Mammalogy, 72.
A Coyote Render, 1993, W. Bright, California Press, Berkeley.
Colorado Wildlife, 1990, J. Rennicke, Falcon Press, Montana.
Coyote, M. Bekoff, Wild Mammals of North America: Biology,
Management and Economics, 447, Johns Hopkins. University
Press, Baltimore.
Artwork by Linnea Fronce© Printed on recycled paper.
i
f~~rl~~~
:r:_
;i~~r ,_
IN COYOTE
COUNTRY
a
DEPARTMENT OF
NATURAL
RESOURCES
�COYOTE
CAPSULE
The name "Coyote" (Canis
Latrans ) is derived from the
Aztec word "coyotl." They are
found throughout the United
States (except Hawaii) and in
most of Canada. Prior to 1900,
coyotes were restricted to areas
west of the Mississippi in the
United States and west of Ontario's
Lake Nipigon in Canada.
The coyote is a member of the canid family of
which includes both wolves and domestic dogs.
The coyote's success is attributed to the decline of
wolf populations and the coyote's own ability to
adapt. Coyotes have adjusted very well to humandisturbed environments, and now thrive in close
proximity to people.
Coyotes are opportunistic hunters. They prey on
small mammals, domestic pets, livestock and
domestic fowl but will readily eat carrion and plants.
A coyote will adjust its diet depending on the food
that is available.
In Colorado, coyotes are classified as a game
species and may be taken year-round with either
small game or furbearer license. Landowners may
kill coyotes, without a license on their land if the
coyotes threaten their property or livestock.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
• Coyotes range in color from near black to offwhite. Coyotes in the southwest deserts are the
smallest and lightest in color, whereas those in the
northern forests are the largest and darkest. Colorado
coyotes are usually rust colored with a white or gray
throat and belly.
• Like other predators, coyotes vary in size. The
males are larger than the females. The average size of
a coyote is 37 inches long and 18 inches high. Their
weight varies from 20 to SO pounds.
• The coyote is distinguished by its long narrow
snout, pointed ears and general dog-like appearance.
TELL-TALE SIGNS
• Coyote tracks are very similar to other members
of the dog family. Imprints show four toes and toe
nails; front tracks are larger than the
4 l
rear. The front tracks are 2 to 3 long
and 2 inches wide. Rear tracks are
2 inches long and 1 1/2 inches
wide.
III
• ThefrscatSvadablelas~e
-~
and consistency, depending on diet. It often contains hair, berries, bone
fragments and seeds. You are likely to find droppings
along trails, atop knolls, near boulders or prominent
tufts of grass.
• Coyotes may be the most vocal of all
land mammals. Although most people
are familiar with the coyote's howl, the
animal actually has a language which
incorporates a variety of sounds. They
have long clear calls in addition to
barks and yips. Their vocalizations are
designed to bring individuals together or
let other coyotes know their location.
HABITAT
• Coyotes have expanded their range over the last
century. They are found in all habitats, ranging from
grasslands and deserts to urban areas and
mountains.
• Coyotes are common in areas where rabbits, mice
and gophers live. These may include lush rangelands
or overgrazed pastures.
• In order to provide shelter for their pups, coyotes
den in a wide variety of places, including brushcovered slopes, steep banks, rock ledges, thickets
hollow logs. They will also dig their own burrows.
Dens of other animals are frequently used.
�BEHAVIOR
• Coyotes may travel alone, in pairs or small
groups. One factor that seems to affect coyote
sociability is prey size. In populations where the
major prey items are small rodents, coyotes tend to
be solitary. In populations where large animals like
deer, are available, large groups of coyotes are
formed . Coyotes tend to be more social during
winter, when carrion is a very important food source.
• Females generally have a home range of a few
square miles; males wander over larger areas.
• They are generally nocturnal and sometimes
diurnal. When coyotes are in close association with
man with no disturbance (trapping or
"
hunting), they are less timid and are
,,.
frequently seen during the day.
.• :·1
• The female prepares the den. The male assists in
the raising of the young and initially supplies most of
the food. The pups are born blind and hairless. They
begin eating meat at 8 weeks of age and start hunting
between 8-12 weeks.
• The pups disperse between November and
March. The family may hunt together temporarily in
mid-winter but do not form true packs.
• People should never approach pups or attempt to
take them from a denning area. Even if you see pups
unattended, their parents are usually just a short
distance away. Adults rarely abandon their young.
• Coyotes have excellent senses of
hearing and smell. Coyotes are
very clever predators. They have
been known to kill porcupines
without being quilled. They will
also use teamwork to bring down
prey.
i- I
.,,.,
l ·.:J,i
MATING AND
BREEDING
:~~ ; ~~ I
'.I' ':'
• Coyotes typically pair for life. If one
dies, the other will look for another
mate.
,•
-.-·,,,
,,,
• They are capable and will breed
with domestic dogs.
~
/ I
,
•
I
'
.,..4i,--_ :-: :.
~--:i:r---.. ;.,._ -
~ - - - ~ ~--~_ _ ')o' ....~ c .
• Breeding occurs between January and
March. Males are capable of breeding when
they are less than one year old.
~
---
"•:.. -
s:: 1,/
-•:.⇒::.:... ·- - -- ·:::-----.
'
�THE CUNNING COYOTE
Perhaps no other wild animal has endured the
wrath of humans while evoking such genuine
heartfelt admiration than the coyote. Some people
curse their existence; Native Americans consider
them to be the smartest animal on earth ("God's
dog") and many urbanites revel in opportunities to
see and hear these vocal predators.
Coyotes are extremely adaptable animals and
rapidly adjust to changing conditions. In the past,
wildlife managers have found that coyote
populations can actually expand rather than decline
in response to eradication attempts. As a result, a
variety of lethal and non-lethal control methods are
used to manage populations and control damage.
Found in most of North America, coyotes are
most abundant on the open prajrie and deserts. They
are comfortable in the country, mountains or in cities,
as long as there is appropriate shelter and food. As a
result, people must be aware of their presence and
take precautions to avoid conflict with them.
With a better understanding of coyotes and their
habitat, humans can coexist with these adaptable and
cunning animals.
WHEN COYOTES MEET
PEOPLE
Coyotes' behavior varies depending upon its
environment. In the wild where ~hey are actively
hunted and trapped, coyotes are generally elusive.
Near cities or in areas where hw1ting and trapping is
not allowed, coyotes may be aggressive. In urban
settings, they can lose their fear of people and may
threaten domestic pets. Although attacks on humans
are extremely rare, there have been cases where
coyotes have attacked young children.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU LIVE
IN COYOTE COUNTRY
• If you live in areas where coyotes have been seen,
PROTECT YOUR PETS! Coyotes will attack and kill
cats and dogs. Do not allow your pets to roam,
especially at night.
Make sure your yard is
appropriately fenced. We
suggest at least a sixfoot fence or better yet,
keep your dog in a
completely enclosed
kennel.
• Do not allow dogs
to nm with coyotes.
Although it appears
they are "playing,"
coyotes can turn on
dogs to defend their
territory.
• Don't leave pet food
outside. This invites wildlife into your yard and
problems may result.
• Protect livestock, especially chickens, young
calves and sheep. Contact your local extension office
for appropriate methods to prevent depredation.
• Keep your garbage in a storage facility or in a
tightly sealed container. Clean garbage cans regularly
to reduce residual odors by using hot water and
chlorine bleach.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU MEET
A COYOTE
• Coyotes provide an enjoyable wildlife viewing
experience. Keep your distance and do not approach
the animals. Enjoy the opportunity to view wildlife.
• Keep your pets on a leash when walking them.
• If a coyote approaches you or your pet, you can
use an animal repellent, like pepper spray, to ward
off the coyote. Or, throw rocks or sticks at the coyote
to scare it away.
• Use a loud, authoritative voice to frighten the
animal.
�
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WHO DO YOU CALL?
The Division of Wildlife is responsible for managing,
conserving and protecting wildlife. Your concerns about wildlife
are our concerns as well.
If you have questions or problems related to coyotes, please
contact the Division of Wildlife, Monday through Friday, from 8
a.m. to 5 p.m.
Division of Wildlife Headquarters: (303) 297-1192
Northeast Regional Service Center: (303) 291-7227
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216
West Regional Service Center
711 Independent Ave.
Grand Junction, CO 81505
(970) 255-6100
Fort Collins Service Center
317 W. Prospect Rd.
Fort Collins, CO 80526
(970) 484-2836
Montrose Service Center
2300 S. Townsend Ave.
Montrose, CO 81401
(970) 249-3431
Southeast Service Center
2126N. Weber St.
Colorado Springs, CO 80907
(719) 473-2945
L 1·v ING
WITH
WILDLIFE
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,
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SOURCES, REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL
READING
Tl1e Clever Coyote, 1951, by S.P. Young and H.H.T. Jackson,
Mammalian Species #79, The Stackpole Company, Pennsylvania.
Coyotes: Biology, Behavior anti Mt111age111mt, 1978, M. Bekoff,
Academic Press, New York.
Social Ecology and Behavior of Coyotes, 1986, M. Bekoff and M.C.
Wells, Advances in the Study of Behavior, 16.
Coyote Space U;;e i11 Rdation of Prey Ab1111da11ce, 1991, LS. Mills and
F.F. Knowlton, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69.
Changes in Body Size Associated with Range Expansion i11 the Coyotes
(Cm1is /atra11s), 1991, J.M. Thurber and R.O. Peterson, Journal of
Marnrnalogy, 72.
A Coyote Reader, 1993, W. Bright, California Press, Berkeley.
Colorado Wildlife, 1990, J. Rennicke, Falcon Press, Montana.
Coyote, M. Bekoff, Wild Mammals of North America: Biology,
Management and Economics, 447, Johns Hopkins. University
Press, Baltimore.
Artwork by Linnea Fronce© Printed on recycled paper.
IN COYOTE
COUNTRY
a
COLORADO
DEl'AftTMENT OF
1-98
NATURAL
RESOURCES
�COYOTE
CAPSULE
The name "Coyote" (Canis
Latrans) is derived from the
Aztec word "coyotl." They are
found throughout the United
States (except Hawaii) and in
most of Canada. Prior to 1900,
coyotes were restricted to areas
,,, •
1
west of the Mississippi in the
• ; .~·1,;.
United States and west of Ontario's
.1/ ,L [
Lake Nipigon in Canada.
The coyote is a member of the canid family of
which includes both wolves and domestic dogs.
The coyote's success is attributed to the decline of
wolf populations and the coyote's own ability to
adapt. Coyotes have adjusted very well to humandisturbed environments, and now thrive in close
proximity to people.
Coyotes are opportunistic hunters. They prey on
small mammals, domestic pets, livestock.and
domestic fowl but will readily eat carrion and plants.
A coyote will adjust its diet depending on the food
that is available.
In Colorado, coyotes are classified as a game
species and may be taken year-round with either
small game or furbearer license. Landowners may
kill coyotes, without a license on their land if the
coyotes threaten their property or livestock.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
• Coyotes range in color from near black to offwhite. Coyotes in the southwest deserts are the
smallest and lightest in color, whereas those in the
northern forests are the largest and darkest. Colorado
coyotes are usually rust colored with a white or gray
throat and belly.
• Like other predators, coyotes vary in size. The
males are larger than the females. The average size of
a coyote is 37 inches long and 18 inches high. Their
weight varies from 20 to 50 pounds.
• The coyote is distinguished by its long narrow
snout, pointed ears and general dog-like appearance.
TELL-TALE SIGNS
• Coyote tracks are very similar to other members
of the dog family. In1prints show four toes and toe
nails; front tracks are larger than the
,
~
rear. The front tracks are 2 to 3 long
and 2 inches wide. Rear tracks are
2 i_nches long and 1 1/2 inches
wide.
II
I I
• Their scat is variable in size
~
and consiste~cy, depending on diet. . . .
It often contams hair, berries, bone
fragments and seeds. You are likely to find droppings
along trails, atop knolls, near boulders or prominent
tufts of grass.
• Coyotes may be the most vocal of all
land mammals. Although most people
are familiar with the coyote's howl, the
animal actually has a language whid1
incorporates a variety of sounds. They
have long clear calls in addition to
barks and yips. Their vocalizations are
designed to bring individuals together or
let other coyotes know their location.
HABITAT
• Coyotes have expanded their range over the last
century. They are found in all habitats, ranging from
grasslands and deserts to urban areas and
mountains.
• Coyotes are common in areas where rabbits, mice
and gophers live. These may include lush rangelands
or overgrazed pastures.
• In order to provide shelter for their pups, coyotes
den in a wide variety of places, including brushcovered slopes, steep banks, rock ledges, thickets
hollow logs. They will also dig their own burrows.
Dens of other animals are frequently used.
�• The female prepares the den. The male assists in
the raising of the young and inittally supplies most of
the food. The pups are born blind and hairless. They
begin eating meat at 8 weeks of age and start hunting
between 8-12 weeks.
BEHAVJOR .
• Coyotes may travel alone, in pairs or small
groups. One factor that seems to affect coyote
sociability is prey size. [n populations where the
major prey items are small rodents, coyotes tend to
be solitary. In populations where large animals like
deer, are available, large groups of coyotes arc
fom1ed. Coyotes tend to be more social during
winter, when carrion is a very important food source.
• The pups disperse between November and
March. The family may hunt together temporarily in
mid-winter but do not form true packs.
• People should never approach pups or attempt to
take them from a denning area. Even if you see pups
unattended, their parents are usually just a short
distance away. Adults rarely abandon their young.
• Females genernlly have a home range of a few
square miles; males wander over larger areas.
• They are generally nocturnal and sometimes
diurnal. When coyotes are in dose
association with man with no
disturbance (trapping or hunting), they
,,..,
are less timid and are frequently seen
during the day.
' ,,
• Coyotes have excellent senses of
hearing and smell. Coyotes are very
clever predators. They have been
known to kill porcupines without
being quilled. They will also use
teamwork to bring down prey.
- ) /1
1 -
J
.rr:·
MATING AND
BREEDING
-.,.,-'
-~ /
~j
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• Coyotes typically pair for life. If one -~1\'j
::;the othe, will look fo, anothe<
k:'.
• They are capable and will breed with
domestic dogs.
_r,
-,..-..:
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-
Wk
~f!;l
~
6--,, ... •
~ ~_"
/
·~'
~11-,....:~
•
;:;;..
~:-~~ _
_.;-:-
• Breeding occurs between January and
March. Males are capable of breeding when they
are less than one year old.
.
• Pups are born from April to midMay. The Litter size is determined by
local population density and food
availability. More pups are born when
there are low coyote densities and
when food sources are abundant.
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�THE CUNNING COYOTE
Perhaps no other wild animal has endured the
wrath of humans while evoking such genuine
heartfelt admiration than the coyote. Some people
curse their existence; Native Americans consider
them to be the smartest animal on earth ("God's
dog'') and many urbanites revel in opportunities to
see and hear these vocal predators.
Coyotes are extremely adaptable animals and
rapidly adjust to changing conditions. In the past,
wildlife managers have found that coyote
populations can actually expand rather than decline
in response to eradication attempts. As a result, a
variety of lethal and non-lethal control methods are
used to manage populations and control damage.
FOLmd in most of North America, coyotes are
most abundan t on the open prairie and deserts. They
are comfortable in the cow1try, mountains or in cities,
as long as there is appropriate shelter ,md food. As a
result, people must be aware of their presence and
take precautions to avoid conrnct with them.
With a better understanding of coyotes and their
habitat, humans can coexist with these adaptable and
cunning animals.
WHEN COYOTES MEET
PEOPLE
Coyotes' behavior varies depending upon its
environment. In the wild where they i'lre actively
hunted i'lnd trapped, coyotes are generally elusive.
Near cities or in areas where hunting and trapping is
not allowed, coyotes may be aggressive. In urban
settings, they can lose their fear of people and may
threaten domestic pets. Although attacks on humans
are extremely rare, there have been cases where
coyotes have attacked young children.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU LIVE IN
COYOTE COUNTRY
• If you live in areas where coyotes have been seen,
PROTECT YOUR PETS! Coyotes wiU attack and kill
cats and dogs. Do not allow your pets to roam,
especially at night.
Make sure your yard is
appropriately fenced. We
suggest at least a sixfoot fence or better yet,
keep your dog in a
completely enclosed
kennel.
• Do not alJow dogs
to run with coyotes.
Although it appears
they are "playing,"
coyotes can turn on
dogs to defend their
territory.
• Don't leave pet food
outside. This invites wildlife into your yard and
problems may result.
• Protect livestock, especiaUy chickens, young
calves and sheep. Contact your local extension office
for appropriate methods to prevent depredation.
• Keep your garbage in a storage facility or in a
tightly sealed container. Clean garbage cans regularly
lo reduce residual odors by using hot water and
chlorine bleach.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU MEET
A COYOTE
• Coyotes provide an enjoyable wildlife viewing
experience. Keep your distance and do not approach
the animals. Enjoy the opportunity to view wildlife.
• Keep your pets on a leash when walking them.
• If a coyote approaches you or your pet, you can
throw rocks or sticks to frighten it away.
• Use a loud, authoritative voice to frighten the
animal.
�
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WHO DO YOU CALL?
Colorado law states the Division of Wildlife is responsible for managing, conserving and protecting most
wildlife. Your concerns about wildlife are ours too.
If you have an encounter with a lion or an attack
occurs, please immediately contact the Colorado
Division of Wildlife, Monday through Friday, 8AM 5PM, as listed below. After hours, contact the Colorado
State Patrol or your local Sheriff's Department. To
report a sighting, please contact the Di'!1sion during
normal business hours. Your information is very
valuable to us.
Central Regional Office
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
(303) 291-7227 or 297-1192
LIVING
WITH
WILDLIFE
••••
No west Regional Office
711 Independent Avenue
Grand Junction, CO 81505
(303) 248-7175
Northeast Regional Office
317 West Prospect
Fort Collins, CO 80526
(303) 484-2836
Southwest Regional Office
2300 South Townsend Avenue
Montrose, CO 81401
(303) 249-3431
Southeast Regional Office
2126North Weber
Colo. Springs, CO 80907
(719) 473-2945
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT
MOUNTAIN LIONS
For the most part, people and wildlife can coexist.
Coexisting with wildlife is an enjoyable part of living in
Colorado. The key is to respect the wildness of wildlife.
You can learn more about lions by reading any of the
following books.
America's Great Cats, 1986, by Gary Turbak and Alan
Carey, Northland Press, Flagstaff, AZ
Soul Among Lions: The Cougar as Peaceful Adversary,
1989, by Harley G. Shaw, Johnson Books, Boulder, CO
-The Puma: Legendary Lion of the Americas, 1987, by J.
B. Tinsley, Texas Western Press, El Paso, TX
The Wonder Series: Mountain Lion, A Story and
Activities by Sandra Chisholm Robinson, Denver
Museum of Natural History, CO
Artwork: Cover by Dale Thompson, Courtesy of
Southwest Parks and Monument Association. Other
lion drawings by Linnea Fronce.
Printed on recycled paper.
Share this with a
friend or neighbor.
Much of Colorado, including the Front Range,
is prime mountain lion country. This simple fact is
a surprise to many residents and visitors. These
large, powerful predators have always lived here,
preying on plentiful deer and playing an
important role in the ecosystem.
You may live in or recreate in lion country. Like
any wildlife, mountain lions can be dangerous.
With a better understanding of mountain lions
and their habitat, we can coexist with these
magnificent animals.
�WHATWE .
KNOW ABOUT \- ~
MOUNTAIN
LIONS
The mountain lion,
commonly known as
cougar, panther or puma,
exists only in the Western
Hemisphere and is one of
.
North America's biggest cats. In
- • 1,~~{;>,.
Colorado,· population estimates range from · -' ~
1,500 to 3,000 mountain lions. A lion's natural life
span is probably about 12 years in the wild and up
to 25 years in captivity. Lions are very powerful
and usually kill large animals, such as deer and
elk. Natural enemies include other large
predators such as bears, lions and wolves. They
also fall victim to accidents, disease, road hazards
and people.
The status of the mountain lion in Colorado
evolved from that of varmint, on which a $50
bounty was offered from 1929, to desi~ation as a
big game species in 1965. Th~ change !n !egal
status reflected growing public appreciation and
concern for sound mountain lion management.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
o The lion's scientific name, Felis concolor, means
"cat of one color." Mountain lions in this area
are usually tawny to light-cinnamon in color
with b1ack-tipped ears and tail.
o Mountain lions vary in size and weight, with
males being larger than females. Adult males
may be more than 8 feet in length and weigh an
average of 150 pounds. Adult females may be
up to 7 feet long and weigh an average of 90
pounds.
o Mountain lions are easily distinguished from
other wild cat species in Colorado. Lions are
much larger than lynx or bobcats an~have a .
long tail, which may measure one-third of their
total length.
TRACKS
O
,A,,
FRONT
o In an unhurried
V Q
walk, lions usually CJ/1\\>
place the hind paw
(AJ.J
in the imprint made
by the front paw. They have 4 Q
.·
toes with 3 distinct lobes present rt::\.
.·
at the base of the pad. Generally ~
claw marks are not visible since
HIND
their claws are retractable.
Qo·
o
o Generally, the mountain lion is a solitary
animal. Adult males almost always travel
alone. If tracks indicate two or more lions
traveling together, it's probably a female with
kittens.
HABITAT
o The mountain lion's habitat ranges from desert,
chaparral and badland breaks to subalpine
mountains and trppical rain forests.
o In Colorado, lions are found
in areas of pinyon pine,
juniper, mountain mahogany,
ponderosa pine and oak
brush. Lions generally will
be most abundant in areas
with plentiful deer.
o Individual lions range in
areas varying in size from 10
to 370 square miles. Females
with young kittens use the
smallest areas; adult males
occupy the largest areas.
o Size of the home range depends on the terrain
and how much food is available. Boundaries of
male home range are marked with piles of dirt
and twigs, called scrapes, which signal to other
lions that this area is occupied.
�WHEN MOUNTAIN LIONS MEET PEOPLE
Generally, lions are calm, quiet and elusive. They tend
to live in remote, primitive country. Lions are most
commonly found in areas with plentiful deer and
adequate cover. Such conditions exist in mountain
subdivisions, urban fringes and open spaces. Consequently, the number of mountain lion/human
interactions has increased. This increase is likely due to
a variety of reasons: more people moving into lion
habitat, increase in deer populations and density, presumed increase in lion numbers and expanded range,
more people using hiking and running trails in lion
habitat and a greater awareness of the presence of lions.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU LIVE IN
LION COUNTRY
We can live with these incredibly efficient predators if
,
t mountain lions and their habitat. To reduce
f problems with mountain lions on or near
y
perty, we urge you to follow these simple
precautions.
o Make lots of noise if you come and go during the
times mountain lions are most active - dusk to dawn.
o Install outside lighting. Light areas where you walk
so you could see a lion if one were present.
o Closely supervise children whenever they play
outdoors. Make sure children are inside before dusk
and not outside before dawn. Talk with children
about lions and teach them what lo do if they
meet one.
o Landscape or remove vegetation to eliminate hiding
places for lions, especially around ch.ildren's play
areas. Make it difficult for lions to approach unseen.
o Planting non-native shrubs and plants that deer often
prefer to eat encourages wildlife to come onto your
property. Predators follow prey.
DON'T FEED ANY WILDLIFE!
o Keep your pet under control. Roaming pets are easy
prey and can attract lions. Bring pets in at night. lf
you leave your pet outside, keep it in a kennel with a
secure top. Don't feed pets outside; this can attract
raccoons and other animals that are eaten by lions.
Store all garbage securely.
o Place livestock in enclosed sheds or barns at night.
Close doors to all outbuildings since inquisitive lions
may go inside for a look.
o Encourage your neighbors lo follow these simple
precautions. Prevention is far better than a possible
lion confrontation.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU MEET A
MOUNTAIN LION
People rarely get more than a brief glimpse of a
mm~ lion in the wild. Lion a~_cks_ on people are
~'!iffi fewer than a dozen fatalities m North
in more than 100 years. Most of the attacks
we
young lions, perpaps forced out to hunt on
their own and not yet livmg in established areas.
Young lions may key in on easy prey, like pets and
small children.
No studies have been done to determine what to do if
you meet a lion. But based on observations by people
who have come upon lions, some patterns of behavior
and response are beginning lo emerge. With this in
mind, the following suggestions may be helpful.
Remember: Every situation is different with respect to
the lion, the terrain, the people and their activity.
o When you walk or hike in mountain lion country, go
in groups and make plenty of noise to reduce your
chances of surprising a lion. A sturdy walking stick is
a good idea; it can be used to ward off a lion. Make
sure children are close to you and within your sight at
all times. Talk with children about lions and teach
them what to do if they meet one.
o Do not approach a lion, especially one that is feeding
or with kittens. Most mountain lions will try to avoid
a confrontation. Give them a way to ~scape.
o STAY CALM when you come upon a lion. Talk
calmly yet firmly to it. Move slowly.
o STOP. Back away slowly only if you can do so safely.
Running may stimulate a lion's instinct to chase and
attack. Face the lion and stand upright.
o DO ALL YOU CAN TO APPEAR LARGER. Raise
your arms. Open your jacket if you're wearing one.
If you !)ave small children with you, protect them by
picking them up so they won't panic and run.
o If the lion behaves aggressively, throw stones,
branches or whatever you can get your hands on
without crouching down or turning your back. Wave
your arms slowly and speak firmly. What you want
to do is convince the lion you are not prey and that
you may in fact be a danger to the lion.
o FIGHT BACK if a lion attacks you. Lions have been
driven away by prey that fights back. People have
fought back with rocks, sticks, caps or jackets, garden
tools and their barehands successfully. Remain , .
standing or try to get back up!
-
...
-
,
I
t
�HUNTING AND
FEEDING HABITS
o Lions are most active from dusk to dawn,
although they travel and hunt in daylight.
Lions prefer to eat deer; however, they also kill
elk, porcupines, small mammals, livestock and a
variety of domestic animals such as pets.
o Mountain lions prefer to kill their own prey.
Like most cats, they take their prey by ambush
rather than by a long pursuit. After spotting
prey, a lion stalks using available cover, then
attacks with a rush, often from behind.
o Lions usually kill with a powerful bite below
the base of the skull, breaking the neck. Lions
drag the carcass to a sheltered spot beneath a
tree or overhang to feed on it. They cover the
carcass with dirt, leaves or snow and may return
to feed on it over the course of a few days.
Generally, they move the carcass and re-cover it
after each feeding.
o Lions feeding on a kill can be dangerous to
people. Lions that have been fed by people
or seem "tame" may become aggressive
unexpectedly.
MATING AND BREEDING
o Female lions generally reproduce
when they are about 2-1 /2 years ·~old.
o Courtship begins when a roamin.&._:female in heat makes frequent
sounds and leaves a scent
• • --that attracts males. After
locating the female, the male
accompanies her for just a few
days when mating occurs.
BIRTH TO MATURITY
o The female gives birth to an average of 2 to 3
young, called kittens. She usually chooses a
secluded spot beneath an uprooted tree or a
rocky depression. Care of the kittens rests
solely with the fem!lle. She defends them
vigorously against male lions, which may kill
them.
o Newborn kittens are about 1 foot long and
weigh about 1 pound. They are covered with
blackish-brown spots and have dark rings
around their short tails. The young stir only to
nurse until they are about 2 weeks old, when
their eyes open and they become alert and
playful. Weaning occurs at about 2 months.
o Kittens learn hunting skills through play and
exploration, and by watching their mother.
When the young are about 6 weeks old, she
begins taking
/ them to her
~ kills to feed.
o As the kittens
mature, their
spots fade. At 6
months, they weigh
over 30 pounds and are
•
becoming capable
hunters. Kittens remain
"'- __ __
__, _~ ·~1_1• ~
• - wi1h,their mother for
- - o - ~ ~ "-2!'~>-"'......_another year,
'\_improving their
hunting skills.
o Breeding can take place .
throughout the year but most
,, ,
females give birth between
I
April and July, following a 3-month
gestation period.
'I ,,
\
,,,.'
I'
�
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Text
WHO DO YOU CALL?
Tiie Colorado Division of Wildlife is responsible for
managing, conserving and protecting wildlife. Your
concerns about wildlife are our concerns as well.
If you have an encounter with a lion or an attack
occurs, please immediately con tact the Division of
Wildlife, Monday through Friday, 8AM - 5PM, as listed
below. After hours, contact the Colorado State Patrol or
your local Sheriff's Department. To report a sighting,
please contact the Division during nonnal business hours.
Your information is very valuable to us.
LIVING
WITH
WILDLIFE
Division of Wildlife l leadquarters: (303) 297-1192
Northeast Region and Denver Service Center
6060 Broadway
Denver, CO 80216
(303)291-7227
W<'st Region and Grand Junction Service Center
711 Independent Ave.
Grand Junction, CO 81505
(970) 255-6100
Southeast Region and Colorado Springs Service Center
2126 North Weber Street
Colorado Spring, CO 80907
(719) 227-5200
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT
MOUNTAIN LIONS
For the most pa rt, people and wildlife rnn coe.xist.
Coexisting with wildlife is an enjoyable part of living in
Colorado. The key is to respect the wild ness of wildli fe.
You can learn more about lions by reading any of the
followi ng books.
IN
LION COUNTRY
A Critical f~evieu• of Lilrrn/11rl' 011 P11111n, 1983, by A.E.
Anderson, Division of Wildli fe. Special Report # 54
Much of Colorado, including the Front Range, is
prime mountain lion country. This simple fact is a
surprise to many residents and visitors. These large,
powerful predators have always lived here, preying on
plenti ful deer and playing an important role in the
ecosystem.
A111eric11·s Gren/ Cnls, I986, by Gary Turbak and Alan
Ca rey, Northland Press, Flagstaff, AZ
5011/ Among Lions: Thl' Co11gnr ns Penc('ful Adversary, 1989,
by Harley G. Shaw, Johnson Books, Boulder, CO
Thi P11111n: Lcgmrlnry Lion of the A111cricns, 1987, by J. 13.
Tinsley, Texas Western Press, El Paso, TX
The Wmuicr Series: Mo1111/11i11 Lio11, A Story and Activities
by Sandra Chisholm Robinson, Denver Museum of
Natural History, CO
Artwork Cover lw Dale•Thomp;<>n, C,,11rksy of S<,uthw~~t l'.i rk.s Jnd
Monument A1.isociatiun. Other lion~ drilwing~ by Linnea r-ronc('.
You may live in or recreate in lion country. Like any
wildlife, mountain lions can be dangerous. With a
better understanding of mountain lions and their
habita t, we can coexist with these magnificent animals.
�\JU .· FRONT
TRACKS
WHAT WE
KNOW ABOUT
MOUNTAIN
LIONS
■ lions
In an unhurried walk, Ci~C
usually place the
•• : .
•
..
The mountain lion,
commonly known as
~).iJ
.,-;4
cougar, panther or puma,
exists only in the Western
Hemis1-here and is one of
North America's biggest cats.
In Colorado, population
estimates range from 1,500 to 3,000
mountain lions. A lion's natural life span is probably
about 12 years in the wild and up lo 25 years in
captivity. Lions are very powerful and usually kill large
animals, such as deer and elk. Natural enemies include
other large predators such as bears, lions and wolves.
They also fall victim to accidents, disease, road hazards
and people.
~ 1,.-
hind paw in the imprint
• , • : ('\ o·
made by the front paw.
("\._'-' : I;\,
They have 4 toes with 3
distinct lobes present at the base of
:.. . .. . . \
the pad. Generally claw marks are not
" •.
visible since their claws are retractable.
HIND
'-'@"'
■ Generally, the mountain lion is a solitary animal.
Adult males almost always travel alone. If tracks
indica te two or more lions traveling together, it's
probably a female with kittens.
HABITAT
■ The mountain lion's habitat ranges from desert,
chaparral and badland breaks to subalpine
mountains and tropical rain forests.
The status of the mountain lion in Colorado evolved
from that of varmint, on which a 5,50 bounty was
offered from 1929, to designation as a big game species
in 1965. The change in legal status reflected growing
public appreciation and concern for sound mountain
lion management.
■
In Colorado, lions are
found in areas of
pinyon pine, juniper,
mountain mahogany,
ponderosa pine and
oak brush. Lions
generally will be most
abundant in areas with
plentiful deer.
■
Individual lions range
in areas varying in size
from 10 to 370 square
miles. Females with
you ng kittens use the
smallest areas; adult
males occupy the
largest areas.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
■ The lion's scientific name, Feli, co11co!OI', means "cat
of one color." Mountain lions in this nrca are usually
tawny to light-cinnamon in color with black-lipped
ears and tail.
■ Mountain lions vary in size ,md weight, with males
being larger than females. Adult males may be more
than 8 feet in length and weigh an average of 150
pounds. Adult females may be up tu 7 feet long and
weigh an average of 90 pounds.
■ Mountain lions are easil y distinguished from other
wild cat species in Colurado. Lions are much larger
than lynx or bobcats and have a long Lail, which may
measure one-third of their total length.
',
■ Size of the home range depends on the letrain and
how much food is available. Boundaries of male
home range arc marked with piles of dirt and twigs,
called scrapes, which signal lo other lions that this
area is occupied.
�HUNTING AND
FEEDING HABITS
BIRTH TO MATURITY
■ The female gives birth to an average of 2 to 3 young,
called kittens. She usually chooses a secluded spot
beneath an uprooted tree or a rocky depression.
Care of the kittens rests solely with the female. She
defends them vigorously against male lions, which
may kill them.
■ Lions are most active from dusk to dawn, although
they travel and hunt in daylight. Lions prefer to eat
deer; however, they also kill elk, porcupines, small
mammals, livestock and a variety of domestic
animals such as pets.
■ Mountain lions prefer to kill their own prey. Like
■ Newborn kittens are about 1 foot long and weigh
about 1 pound. They are covered with blackishbrown spots and have dark rings around their short
tails. The young stir only to nurse until they are
about 2 weeks old, when their eyes open and they
become alert and playful. Weaning occurs at about 2
months.
most cats, they take their prey by ambush rather than
by a long pursuit. After spotting prey, a lion stalks
using available cover, then attacks with a rush, often
from behind.
■ Lions usually kill with a powerful bite below the
base of the skull, breaking the neck. Lions drag the
carcass to a sheltered spot beneath a tree or overhang
to feed on it. They cover the carcass with dirt, leaves
or snow and may return to feed on it over the course
of a few days. Generally, they move the carcass and
re-cover it after each feeding.
■
■ Lions feeding on a kill ca n be dangerous to
people. Lions that have been fed by people or
seem "tame" may become aggressive
unexpectedly.
':.'- ,. , .,
■ Female lions generally reproduce
when they are about 2½years old.
■
As the kittens
j,_/>f:' mature, thei r spots fade.
. J''~( :'
At 6 months, they weigh
•. ,-~-_', .
over 30 pounds and are
~. .
,..
.-.\'.~
~~0~1ing capable h_unters.
" , •, ..
.
1 .,:;cl•li,. • •Kittens rema111 with
:..Jc,,~-. ~ ,:~_;,.·;:~ ~ ; . their mother for
::,.
·-·-.
"- , another year,
•' improving their
hunting skills.
~•
MATING AND
BREEDING
Kittens learn hunting skills through play and
exploration, and by watching their mother.
When the young
: are about 6 weeks
old, she begins
taking them to
her kills to feed.
■ Courtship begins when a
roaming female in heat makes frequent
sounds and leaves a scent that attracts
males. /\fter locating the female, , , . . ,
the male accomp,mies her for just ✓.,~?:;., ,,,
a few days when ma ting occurs.
■ Breeding can take place
throughout the year but most females give birth .
between April and July, following a 3• ••
month gestation period.
�WHEN MOUNTAIN LIONS MEET PEOPLE
Generally, lions are calm, quiet and elusive. They
tend to live in remote, primitive country. Lions are
most commonly found in areas with plentiful deer and
adequate cover. Such conditions exist in mountain
subdivisions, urban fringes and open spaces. Consequently, the number of mountain lion/human
interactions has increased. This increase is likely due to
a variety of reasons: more people moving into lion
habitat, increase in deer populations and density, presumed increase in lion numbers and expanded range,
more people using hiking and running trails in lion
habitat and a greater awareness of the presence of lions.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU LIVE IN
LION COUNTRY
We can live with these incredibly efficient predators
if we respect mountain lions and their habitat. To
reduc tne risk of problems with mountain lions on or
p
Y.{ property, we urge you to follow these simple
pt
Ions.
lots of noise if you come and go during the
times mountain lions are most active - dusk to dawn.
■ Install outside lighting. Light areas where you walk
so you could see a lion if one were present.
■ Closely supervise children whenever they play
outdoors. Make sure children are inside before dusk
and not outside before dawn. Talk with children
about lions and teach them what to do if they
meet one.
■ Landscape or remove vegetation to eliminate hiding
places for lions, especially around children's play
areas. Make it difficult for lions to approach unseen.
■ Planting non-native shrubs and plants that deer often
prefer to eat encourages wildlife to come onto your
property. Predators follow prey.
DON'T FEED ANY WILDLIFE!
■ Keep your pet under control. Roaming pets are easy
prey and can attract lions. Bring pets in at night. lf
you leave your pet outside, keep it in a kennel with a
secure top. Don't feed pets outside; this can attract
raccoons and other animals that are eaten by lions.
Store all garbage securely.
■ Place livestock in enclosed sheds or barns at night.
Close doors to all outbuildings since inquisitive lions
may go inside for a look.
■ Encourage your neighbors to follow these simple
precautions. Prevention is far better than a possible
lion confrontation.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU MEET A
MOUNTAIN LION
People rarely get more than a brief glimpse of a
m.oM,Pt,lin lion in the wild. Lion attacks on people are
r1t~fflltewer than a dozen fatalities in North
A.'1.i
·n more than 100 years. Most of the attacks
we
oung lions, perhaps forced out to hunt on
their own and not yet living in established areas.
Young lions may key in on easy prey, like pets and
small children.
No studies have been done to determine what to do
if you meet a lion. But based on observations by people
who have come upon lions, some patterns of behavior
and response are beginning to emerge. With this in
mind, the following suggestions may be helpful.
Remember: Every situation is different with respect to
the lion, the terrain, the people and their activity.
■ When you walk or hike in mountain lion country, go
in groups and make plenty of noise to reduce your
chances of surprising a lion. A sturdy walking stick
is a good idea; it can be used to ward off a lion.
Make sure children are close to you and within your
sight at all times. Talk with children about lions and
teach them what to do if they meet one.
■ Do not approach a lion, especially one that is feeding
or with kittens. Most mountain lions will try to
avoid a confrontation. Give them a way to escape.
■ STAY CALM when you come upon a lion. Talk
calmly yet firmly to it. Move slowly.
■ STOP OR BACK AWAY SLOWLY, if you can do it
safely. Running may stimulate a lion's instinct to
chase and attack. Face the lion and stand upright.
■ DO ALL YOU CAN TO APPEAR LARGER. Raise
your arms. Open your jacket if you're wearing one.
If you have small children with you, protect them by
picking them up so they won't panic and run.
■ If the lion behaves aggressively, throw stones,
branches or whatever you can get your hands on
without crouching down or turning your back.
Wave your arms slowly and speak firmly. What you
want to do is convince the lion you are not prey and
that you may in fact be a danger to the lion.
■ FIGHT BACK if a lion attacks you.
Lions have been
driven away by prey that fights back. People have ,.. . .,;i
fought back with rocks, sticks, caps or jackets, gar~'
tools and their barehands successfully. Remain
standing or try to get back up!
I@!
�
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moose killings can be prevented, howeve1~ if
hunters take the time to accurately identify
their targets.
If you shoot a moose accidentally, please
do the ethical thing - report it to the n earest
Division office or officer. The Division handles accidental kills that are reported immediately differently than when a hunter leaves
the animal .iJ1 the field and is apprehended
by other means.
If you observe someone, or know of someone, illega lly shootmg a moose, report it to
wildlife authorities immediately. Provide as
mud1 information as possible about the circumstances, including the incident location
and description or identity of the shooter.
LIVING
WITH
WILDLIFE
Moose are a valuable asset to the state of
Colorado. Credit for this wildlife success
story goes to aJJ the hunters who helped pay
for wildlife conservation through their huntmg and fishmg license fees, as well as the
Colorado Chapter of Safari Club
International and the John B. Farley
Fow1dation, which provided the funding to
bring moose to Colorado for all of us to
observe and enjoy.
1-877-COLO-OGT
(1-877-265-6648)
"'""z
:::,
'"-'
_,
WHO DO YOU CALL?
If you have questions or problems related to moose,
please contact the Division of Wildlife, Monday through
Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Division of Wildlife Headquarters: (303) 297-1192
Northeast Region Service Center: (303) 291-7227
6060 Broadway, Denve1; CO 80216
Northwest Service Center
Fort Collins Service Center
711 Independent Ave.
317 W. Prospect Rd.
Grand Junction, CO 81505 Fort Coll ins, CO 80526
(970) 255-6100
(970) 472-4300
Southwest Service Center
151 East 16th St.
Durango, CO 8] 401
(970) 247-0855
Southeast Service Center
4255 Sinton Rd.
Colorado Springs, CO 80907
(7] 9) 227-5200
1-05
N MOOSE
UN
@ .....,a,,.._;::"""-....a.,,-"-"~-~-"'..c---~~~--_J
Until recently hardly anyone saw a moose
m Colorado. That's far from the case today.
The state's moose populations are thriving,
thanks to successful reintroduction efforts by
the Colorado Division of WiJd)jfe.
Colorado Division of Wildlife
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216
(303) 297-1192
wildlife.state.co.us
�Cow moose
MOOSE AT A GLANCE
Until the late 1970s, only a fe w stray
moose wandered into Colorado from herds
in Wyoming. These strays were transient animals seeking new habi tats, but they never
came in large enough numbers to establish a
stable population. Over time, moose might
have expanded their ranges slow ly southward and may have established themselves
in Colorado on their own. Division of
Wildlife biologists, howeve1~ decided to give
the moose a boost.
In 1978, the Division transplanted 12
moose to Colorado's North Park region near
Walden. The initial moose came from Utah,
and in 1979, another dozen from Wyoming
were released in the Illinois Ri ver drainage
near North Park. This early population
reproduced quickly, and some began to move
into the Laramie River Valley. In 1987, a
h·ansplant of 12 moose from Wyoming
helped establish a strong population in that
valley as well.
Before long, North Park's moose population was doing so well that some were
moved to the upper Rio Grande drainage
n ear Creede. Between 1991 and 1992, about
100 moose from Wyoming, Utah, and North
Park were added to the Creede herd.
In 2005, several moose from the Creede
herd were captured and used to start a population of moose on western Colorado's
Grand Mesa. Division biologists hope to use
moose from the upper Rio Grande herd and
moose from Utah to establish a herd of 150
moose o n the Grand Mesa. The area's numerous lakes and vast willow bottoms provide
exceptiona l habitat for moose.
Since the transplants, moose have thrived
and expanded their range. Colorado's moose
popu lation is now into the thousands of animals. Limited hunting is offered in several of
the original trnnsplant areas including North
Park, Middle Park, the Laramie River area,
and in the Rio Grande area nea r Creede. N ot
only do the moose provide recrea tional
opportunities for hunters, they are also a
source of pleasure for people who enjoy
watcl1ing w ildlife. In recognition of this
w ildlife phenomena, the sta te legislature in
1995 designated Walden as the "Moose
Viewing Capital of Colorado."
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
• Moose are the largest members of the
deer fa mily.
• Colorado's Shiras moose (Alces nlces shirasi) are the state's largest big game animal
with ad ults weighing 800 to 1,200 pounds.
Bulls stand up to 6 feet at the shoulder.
• Their rumps are brown, not white or
cream colored as found in deer, elk or antelope. Their body hair is grizzled dark brown,
appea ring black at a distance, and they have
white hair on inside of their legs. Their legs
seem too long for their bodies.
• Their long heads, overhanging snouts,
and a pendulous flap of skin of varying sizes
hanging from their throats ("bell") give moose
an unmistakable silhouette when observed in
the wild . The bell varies in size and is much
larger on bulls. Their thick, dark brown coat
appear~ black at a distance, enables them to
stay warm in the coldest winters.
• Bull moose grow flattened, palmated
antlers with points around the edge. Antlers
can be up to 5 feet wide in larger and older
�bulls. These antlers are shed in early winter
and regrown each year. Yearling bulls sport
small spikes or small plates, with antlers
increasing in size as the bulls mature. Antler
shape varies considerably, and it is not
uncommon to see a bull moose, especially a
younger bull moose, w ith antlers simjlar to
those of an elk.
MATING AND BREEDING
• The breeding season, or rut, begins in
mid- to late September and runs through
October.
• Bulls begin breed ing activities by setting
up territories. They attract cows by calling
with a low g run ting so und that resonates
across the willow bottoms. Both bulls and
cows are aggressive during the breeding season. Bulls often fi ght head-to-head un til the
dominate bull drives off, injures o r even kills
the challenge r.
• Cows give birth in May and June. Twins
are common in good habitat and triplets
have been documented.
• Moose live up to 20 years in the wild.
HABITAT
• The term "moose" comes from the
Algonquin Indian word meaning "eater of
twigs," and the most common place to find
moose is where there is lots of brush for
them to browse on.
• Moose have long legs, which allow them
to traverse deep winter s nows and thick willow habitat types. In spite of their size, they
often go unnoticed as
they spend a great deal
of time in heavy, da rk
cover in w illow botto ms and forests.
• Moose prefer wet
areas, but they can also
be found in sagebrush,
hig h in the mountains above timberline, or in oa kbrush
and mounta in
mahogany; as well
in the more traditional willow, aspen, pine
and beaver pond-type habitats.
TIPS FOR WATCHING MOOSE
• Look for moose sign-large tracks, droppings, browsed willows-along the edges of
willow bottoms and aspen or pine forests. It
will be evident if moose are present!
• Moose h·acks are very large and often
show the dewclaws (a rudimentary claw or
small hoof not reaching the ground ) in snow
or mud.
• High spots looking dow n into drainages
afford excellent vantage points for spotting
moose.
• Drive slowly along logging roads on
national forest lands that parallel drainages.
• Moose sounds are limited to grunting
w ith bulls being the most vocal dw·ing the
mating season.
• Moose do not herd into large groups as
do many species of big game, even in winter.
They prefer to travel in small family groups
or to remain secluded. They need their space!
• Never approach moose too closely.
Watch and photograph from safe distances
using telephoto lenses, binoculars and spotting scopes.
• Move slowly and not directly toward
them. Back off if they exhibit signs of aggress ion, sud, as the hair standing up on their
neck, licking their snouts, cocking their head,
rolling their eyes and ears back.
•Moose a re excellent swimmers and very
much at home u1 the water. CaIf and cow moose
�WHEN MOOSE MEET PEOPLE
Moose have very few natural enemies in
the w ild and, as a result, show little fear of
humans. Although moose may tolerate a
nearby human it is still dangerous to get near
a moose.
Sin ce wolves are moose's historic predator, moose retain the instinct to attack any
dogs, w hether domestic or wild. Moose consider all dogs to be their enemies and will
sometimes go out of their way to kick at one,
even if the dog is on a leash or in a fenced
yard. People who are h~ng or recreatin~
w ith dogs should be parhcularly careful 117
moose country to avoid an encounter. Never
let your dog chase a moose.
Moose are extremely curious and often
will approad, humans, cars or houses. They
w ill even go on porches to look into windows. For these reasons, it is extremely
important to understand moose behavior
w hen Living in or visiting the areas they
inhabit. Female moose (cows) are very protective of their yom,g (calves) to the point of
being dangerous if approached or caught _off
guard. Bulls also ca~ be aggressive, _especially dming the breeding season (rut) l!l the fall.
These formidable beasts need the1r space
and must be given respect when observed in
the wild .
• Keep pets under control as moose can
get quite aggressive around them.
• Never throw anything at a moose (or any
wil d animal), not even a snowball.
•If tlu-eatened by a moose, stay calm; do
not run away. Talk, make your presence
known and slowly back away.
•Avoid anin1als that are behaving belligerently or abnormally.
MOOSE AGGRESSION
When a moose feels threatened, it has only
two choices, eit]1er to flee or attack. If the
moose chooses to attack, the long hairs on its
hump will be raised, ears laid back and it
may iick its snout. A moose that sees you
and walks slowly toward you is not trying to
be friendly; it may be looking for a handout
~
...,
'-'
.:;,
Bull 111oose
or warning you to keep away. All of these are
dangerous situations. Back away. Hide
behind a tree, fence, building, car or other
obstruction where the moose cannot see you.
In any encounter, leave an escape route for
the moose, do not get in its way as it passes.
FEEDING WILDLIFE
It is illegal to feed all big game in
Colorado and also very dangerous. Moose
that are fed by humans can become aggressive when they are not fed as expected. Don' t
feed moose, and ask your neighbors not to
feed them. If a moose has been fed, the
chances that it will ch arge people are
increased manyfold . An aggressive moose
can be shot by law enforcement officers to
protect public safety. Thus, by feeding a
moose, people may be contributing to its
death, in addition to breaking the laws
against feed ing.
HUNTER INFORMATION
People are the greatest threat to
Colorado's moose. In fact, 15 percent of the
state's moose mortality each year comes from
illegal kills. Because of their docile demeanor,
moose have become common victims of
poaching and accidental kills.
The Colorado Division of Wildlife has
taken extensive precautions to prevent the
illegal and accidental killing of moose by
deer and elk hunters. Unfortunately, there is
no simple answer to this problem. Accidental
�
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Text
OPERATION GAME TIDEF
l-877-COLO-OGT
/ I -877.]fi5-6648)
Operation Gmnc Thief (OGTJ i.~ a nonprofit organization working with the
DOW's law enforcement progrnm. It pnys
rewards to ci tizens wbo rcpot1 poachers or
resource violations.
DOW HEADQUARTERS
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 (303) 297-1192
DOW SERVICE CENTERS
TIPS FOR WATCHING MOOSE
HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS:
Brush, CO 80723
(970) 842-6300
346 Grand County
Road 362,
Hot Sulphur Springs,
8045 1
(970) 725-6200
COLORADO SPRINGS:
• Look for moose sign - large tracks, droppings, browsed willows - along the edges of willow bottoms and
aspen or pine forests. It will be evident if moose are present!
• Moose tracks are very large and often show the dewclaws (a rudimentary claw or small hoof not reaching the
ground) in snow or mud.
• Hjgh spots looking down into drainages afford excellent vantage points for spotting moose.
• Drive slowly along logging roads on national forest lands that parallel drainages.
• Moose sounds are limited to grunting, with bulls being
the most vocal during the matiJ1g season.
• Moose do not herd into large groups as do many species
of big game, even in winter. They prefer to travel in
small family groups or to remain secluded. They need
their space!
• Never approach moose too closely: Watch and
photograph from safe distance using telephoto lense ,
binoculars and spotting scopes.
• Move slowly and not directly toward them. Back off if
they exhibit signs of aggression, such as the hair standing up on their neck, licking their snouts, cocking their
head or rolling their eyes and ears back.
• Moose are excellent swimmers and very much at home
in the water.
HUNTER INFORMATION
People are the greatest threat to Colorado's moose. In fact,
15 percent of the state's moose motiality each year comes
from illegal kiJls. Because of their docile demeanor, moose
have become common victims of poaching and accidental
kills.
The DOW takes extensive precautions to prevent the illegal and accidental killing of moose by deer and elk hunters.
Accidental moose killings can be prevented if hunters take
the Lime to accw-ately identify their targets.
BRUSH: 122 E. Edison,
lf you shoot a moose accidentally, please do the ethical
thing - report it to the nearest Division office or officer.
The Division handJes accidental kills that are reported immediate.ly differently than when a hunter leaves tl1e animal
in the field and is apprehended by other means.
lf you ob erve someone, or know of someone, iUegally
shooting a moose, report it to wildlife authorities immediately. Provide as much information as pos ible about the
circumstances, including the incident location and description or identity of the shooter.
4255 Sinton Road,
Colorado Springs, CO
80907; (719) 227-5200
DENVER:
6060 Broadway,
Denver, CO 80216
(303) 291-7227
DURANGO: 151 E. 16th St.,
Durango, CO 81301
(970) 247-0855
FORT COLLINS:
317 W. Prospect Road,
Fort Collins, CO 80526
(970) 472-4300
GLENWOOD SPRINGS:
50633 Hwys. 6 & 24,
Glenwood Springs, CO
81601; (970) 947-2920
GRAND JUNCTION:
711 Independent Ave.,
Grand Junction, CO
81505; (970) 255-6100
co
LAMAR: 2500 S. Main St.,
Lamar, CO 81052
(719) 336-6600
MEEKER: 73485 Hwy.64,
Meeker, CO 81641
(970) 878-6090
MONTE VISTA:
0722 S. Road 1 East,
Monte Vista, CO 81144
(719) 587-6900
MONTROSE:
2300 S. Townsend Ave.,
Montrose, CO 81401
(970) 252-6000
PUEBLO:
600 Reservoir Road,
Pueblo, CO 81005
(719) 561 -53 00
SALIDA: 7405 Hwy. 50,
Salida,CO 81201
(719) 530-5520
GUNNISON:
STEAMBOAT SPRINGS:
300 W. New York Ave.,
Gunnison, CO 81230;
(970) 641 -7060
925 Weiss Drive,
Steamboat Springs, CO
80477; (970)870-2197
The Colorado Division of\ \li/dlife is the state agency responsible for mm,aging
wildlifi' a11d its /111bit111, a h'cll as pl'Ovidi11g wildlife-related recreation.
77,c Division is Jimded through /11111ti11g w11/ j)shi11g licrnse fecs,fedcml grm ,ts
and Co/onrdo Lottery proceeds through Great Outdoors L"olomdo.
J - 11
COLORADO DIVISION OF WILDLIFE
6060 Broadway • Denver,CO 80216
(303) 297-1192 • www.wildlife.state.co.us
�MOOSE: A VALUABLE STATE ASSET
QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS
WITH A MOOSE?
Credit for this wildlife success story goes to the hunters
who help pay for wildlife conservation through hunting and fishing license fees, as well as the Colorado
Chapter of Safari Club International and the John B.
Farley Foundation, which provided the funding to
bring moose to Colorado for all to observe and enjoy.
If you want more information or have a problem
with a moose in your area, please call the DOW
from 8 a.m.-5 p.m. Monday-Friday,
the dog is on a leash or in a fenced yard. People who are
hiking or recreating with dogs should be careful to
avoid an encounter. Never let your dog chase a moose.
added to the Creede herd.
In 2005, several moose from the Creede herd were caphtred and used to start a population of moose on weslern Colorado's Grand Mesa. Division biologists hope to
use moose from the upper Rio Grande herd and moose
from Utah to establish a herd of 150 moose in th.is area.
The numerous lakes and vast willow bottoms in the region provide exceptional habitat for moose.
Since the transplants, moose have th.rived <llld expanded
their ranges. Colorado's moose population is now into
the thousands of animals. Limited hunting is offered in
several of the ori 9inal transplant areas including North
Park, Middle Par!<, the Laramie River area and in the Rio
Grande area near Creede. Not only do the moose provide recreational opportunities for hw1tcrs, they are also
a 'OUrce of pleasure for people who enjoy watching
wild Life. ln recognition of th is wildliJ-e phenomena, the
state legislature in 1995 designated Walden as the
"Moo e Viewing Capital of Colorado'.'
MOOSE AT AGLANCE
Until th late I970s, only a few stray moose wa ndered
into Colorado from herds in Wyoming. These strays
were transient animals seeking new habitats, bul they
never came in large enough nwnbers to establ ish a stable population. Over time, moose might have expanded their ranges slowly southward and may have
established themselves in Colorado on their own. Colorado Division of Wildlife biologist , however, decided
to give the moose a boost.
[n 1978, the Division transplanted 12 moose to Colorado's No rth Park region near Walden. The .initial
moose came from Utah. Ln 1979, another dozen from
Wyoming were released in the Winois River drainage
near North Park. This early population reproduced
quickly and some moved into the Laramie River VaUey.
In 1987, a tr.insplant of 12 moose from Wyoming helped
establish a strong population in that valley a well.
Before long, North Park's moose population was doing
so well that some were moved to the upper Rio Grande
drainage ne,ir Creede. Between 199 1 and 1992, about
100 moose from Wyoming, Utah and North Park were
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
• Moose are the largest members of the deer family.
• Colorado's Shiras moose (Alces nlces shirasi) are the
state's largest big-game anima l, with adults weighing
800 Lo l ,200 pounds. Bulls stand up to 6 feet at the
shoulder.
• Their rumps ar brown, not white or cream colored
as ctrc rumps of deer, elk or antelope. Their body hair is
grizzled dark brown, appearing black at a distance, it
enable them to stay warm in the coldest winters. They
have white hair on the insides of their legs. Their legs
seem too long for their bodi e~.
• Their long beads, overhanging ·nouts, and a pendulou fl..ip of skin ("bell") of varying sizes hanging from
their throats give moose an unmistakable silhouette
when observed in the wild. The bell varies in size and is
much larger on bulls.
• Bull moose grow flattened, palmated antlers with
points around tl1e edae. Antlers can be up to 5 feet
wide in larger and older bulls. These antler are shed in
early winter and regrown each yea.r. Yearling bulls sport
small pikes or srnall plates, with antlers increasing in
size as the bulls mature. Antler shape varies considerably, and it is nol uncommon to see a bull moose, especially a younger bull moose, with antlers sim ilar to
those of an elk_
Moose are extremely curious a.nd often will approach
hw,1a.m, cars or houses. They "vill even go on porches
to look into windows.
MATING AND BREEDING
• The breeding season, or rut, begins in mjd - to late
September and runs through October.
• Bulls begin breeding activities by setting up territories. They attract cows by calling with a low grunti11g
sound that resonates across the willow bottoms. Botl1
bulls and cows are aggressive during the breeding season. Bulls often fight head-to-head until the dominate
bull drives off, i.njw·e or even kills the chal lenger.
• Cows give birth in May and fune. Twins are common
in good habitat and triplets have been documented.
• Moose live up to 20 years in the wild.
HABITAT
• The term "moose" comes from the Algonquin [ndian
word meaning "eater of twigs;' and the most common
place to find moose is where there is lots of brush for
them to graze on.
• Moose have long leg , which allow them to traverse
deep winier snows and thick willow habitat type . Ln
spite of their size, they often go unnoticed as tl1ey
~pend a great deal of time in heavy, dark cover in willow bottoms and forest .
• Moose prefer wet areas, but they can be fow1d in sagebrush, high in the mountains above timberline, or in
oakbru h and mow1tain mahogany; as well in traditional willow, a pen, pine and beaver pond-type habitats.
WHEN MOOSE MEET PEOPLE
Moose have very tew natural enemies in the wild and,
as a result, show little fear of humans. Although moose
may tolerate a nearby human it is still dangerous to get
near a moo e.
Since wolves are moose' historic predator, moo e retain
the instinct to attack any dogs, whether dome tic or
wild. Moose consider all dogs to be their enemies and
will sometimes go Ollt of their way to kick at one, even if
For these reasons, it is extremely important to understand moose behavior when living in or visiting the
areas they inhabit. Female moose (cows) are very pro tective ofthei.r young (calves) to the point ofbei.ng
dangerous if approached or caught off guard. Bulls also
can be aggressive, especially during the breeding season (rut) in the fa ll.
These formidable beasts need their space and must be
given respect when observed in the wild.
• Keep pets w1der control as moose can get quite
aggressive around them.
• Never throw anything at a moose (or any wild
animal), not eve n a snowball.
• lf threatened by a moose, stay calm; do not run
away. Talk, make your pre ence known and slowly
back away.
• Avoid animals behaving belligerently or abnormaUy.
MOOSE AGGRESSION
When a moose feels tl1rea tened, it has only two
choices, either lo flee or attack. If tl1e moose chooses to
attack, the long hairs on its hump will be raised, ears
laid back and it may lick its snout.
A moose that sees you and walks slowly toward you is
not trying to be friendly; it may be looking fo r a handout or warning you to keep away. All of these are dangerous situations. Back away. Hide behind a tree, fence,
building, car o r ther obstruction where the moose
cannot see you. In any encounter, leave tm escape route
for the moose, do not get in its way as ii pas es.
FEEDING WILDLIFE
It i illegal to feed all big game in Colorado and also
very dangerous. Moose that are fed by humans can become aggre sive when they are not ted as expected.
Don't feed moose, and ask your neighbors nol to feed
them. If a moose has been fed, the chances Lhat it will
charge people are increased manyfold. An aggressive
moose can be shot by law enforcement officers to protec t public safety. Thus, by feeding a moose, people
may be contributing to its death, in addition to breaking the laws against feeding.
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What to Do If You Live In
Red Fox Country
People and wiJdlife can coexist. Most dangerous en counters occur because people fail to leave wildlife
alone. Red fox are not pets, and they should not be
approached, fed, harassed, captured or domesti cated.
Remove Attractants
Garbage: Garbage that is not securely stored provides an easy meal for these scavengers. Store all
garbage in wildlife-proof containers.
Fruit trees: Clean -up any fallen fruit to avoid luring
red fox or other wildlife to your yard.
Composting: Use an enclosed composting system,
and avoid placing meat or fruit scraps onto your
mulch or compost pile.
Pets: Red fox will occasionally prey on small pets.
Don't allow your pets to roam. Make sme your yard
is properly fenced, and when possible, keep your
pets indoors . Avoid feeding your pets outdoors and
keep your pet on a leash when walking them.
Exclusionary Techniques
Many nuisance red fox problems can be addressed
by installing an exclusionary fence. These fences
should be at least 6-foot high with an extra foot of
fencing buried underground to prevent digging. Use
small woven wire mesh and have a 12-inch wide
overhanging edge or a roof to prevent climbing.
Electric fencing is another exclusionary fencing option.
Deterrence Techniques
Visual deterrents: The installation of bright strobe
lights can be helpful. However, red fox are highly
adaptable and may not be deterred for long by this
technique.
Noise deterrents: Red fox can be scared with loud
noises, including: shouting or banging pots and
pans. However, foxes that are habituated to living in
an urban environment can adapt to human -related
noises.
Repellants: Some companies manufacture repel lents for deterring foxes. Non -commercial repellants
include mothballs and ammonia. Using repellants is
most successful in small isolated areas.
Traps and Snares: In most cases, the use of narcs
and other trapping devices is not legal in Colorado.
In many places, live traps are legal and can be useful
in urban areas. lndividuals wishing to use live traps
should be aware oflocal and state laws. Wildlife regulations prohibit the trapping and relocation of red
foxes.
Shooting: Shooting nuisance red fox is an effective
control method on private land in rural areas.
Landowners wishing to shoot red fox need to be
aware of local and state laws. The hunting of red fox
on public land requires a Colorado small gan1e or
furbearers licen e.
Don't Feed Wlldllfa
Feeding wildlife may be well intended, but it is
harmful to the animal and can be dangerous for humans. In many parts of Colorado the intentional
feeding of red fox is also illegal and should be reported.
Diseases
If a red fox acts aggressively, it may be an indication
that it is sick or injured. Red fox can carry a number
of diseases; however, healthy foxes pose virtuaJly no
human health risk. The best way to prevent exposure to any wildlife diseases is to avoid approaching
and handling wild animals. Pets should also be kept
away from wildlife and should be vaccinated against
rabies. Any red fox that is appears to be sick or that
is acting strangely or aggressively should be reported to the nearest Division of Wildlife office and
the local animal control agency.
Rabies: Rabies is a virus that allacks the central
nervous system of mammals. The virus is shed in
the saliva of an infected animal and is transmitted
mainly through bites. Red fox with rabies may lose
their natural wariness of people become extremely
aggressive, display lack of muscle coordination,
and/or show signs of paralysis. Although rabies has
been detected in Colorado, cases are relatively rare.
Mange: Sarcoptic mange i an infestation of the
kin by mit s, wh ich c, uses hair loss and severe irri tation of the skin. Serious cases G lll cause blindness,
hearing loss, difficulty eating and sometimes even
death to the fox. Mange is found in Colorado.
Regional Offices and Service Centers
Headquai·ters:
6060 I roadway, Denver. CO 802 16; (303) 297- 1192
Northeast Region and Denver ervi ce Center:
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216; (303) 291-7'227
fort Collins crvice
enter:
317 W. Prospi.:ct Rd., CO 80526; (907) '172 -4 300
Northwest Region Service Center:
711 Independent Ave., Grand Junction, CO 81505;
(970) 255-6100
Southwest Region Service Center:
151 E. 16th I., Dtu·ango, CO 8130 1; (970) 247-0855
Southeast Region Service Center:
4255 Sinton Rd., Colorado Spri ngs, CO 80907;
(719) 227-5200
Division of Wildlife Area Offices
Brush - NE Region ... . .... . .. . .. .... ... .(970) 842-6300
Colorado Springs - SE Region ..... . . . .... (719) 227-5200
Denver - NE Region ..... .. ... .. ... ... . .. (303) 29 1-7227
Durango - SW Region .... .... .. . . ... .... (970) 247-0855
fo rt Coll ins - NE Region .. ..... .. .. ...... (970) 416-3320
Glenw11od Springs - W Region .. .. .... . .(970) 947-2920
Grand Junction - NW Region ...... .. .... (970) 255-6100
Gunnison - , W Region ... ....... . .... . . .(970) 641 -7060
Hot Sulphur Springs - N\A/ Region .. .... . .(970) 725-6200
Lamar - SE Region ... .. .. . .. .. ..... .. ... (719) 336-6600
Meeker - NW Region ...... . .. .. ..... . ... (<J70) 878-6090
i'v lonte Vista - SW Region ... . .... . .. .. ... (719) 587-6900
Mont rose - SW Region . . .. . . .. ... .... . .. (970) 252-6000
Pueblo - . E Region . ... ...... .. . .. ... . ... (719) 56 1-5300
Sa lida - SE Region .. ..... ........ ..... . .. (719) 530-5520
Steamboat Springs - NW Region ...... ... (970) 870-2 197
The Col ,rado Division of Wil<lllfo is the stale agency respon.sible
for mannging wildlire and its habitat, as well as providi ng wi ldliferelated recreation. The Division is funded through hunting and
f15h111g license rc~s. fed.:ra l grants and Cnll,r~ do L111tcrr proceeds
through Great Outdoors Colorado.
5/07
COLORAbO ,DIVTSIO
OF WILDLIFE
6060 Broadway • Denver,CO 80216
(303) 297-1 .192 • www.wildlife.state.co.us
�Red Fox At A Gfance
o ISTOCXPHOTO.COAV ALLEN THORNTON
• The red fox is a
{. member of the
canid fami.ly,
which also in~
4 _ eludes wolves,
• J coyotes and do'• mcstic dogs.
They have a very
keen sense of
smell, excellent
hearing, and
good vision. Red
fox can run at
speeds of 30
miles per hour and are good swimmers.
In captivity, red fox live roughly 12 years; however,
three to four years is the average life expectancy for
wild foxes. Adult red fox have very few natural enemies. Predators include: coyotes, eagles, greathorned owls, bobcats and mountain lions. Hunting,
motor vehicle fatalities and diseases such as rabies,
mange, and canine distemper also contribute to their
mortality.
Red fox are beautiful animals and can make for an
enjoyable watchable wildlife experience.
Physical Appearance
Red fox are similar in appearance to a small, slender
dog. Adults weigh 8- 15 pounds and are roughly 3-4
fee t long including the tail. They have an elongated
muzzle and pointed ears that are typically held erect.
Despite the name, red fox are no t always red. They
have genetic variations resulting in four recognized
color phases: red, cross, silver and black. The red
color phase is the most common observed in wild
red fox, with all o ther phases being fairly rare. In all
color phases, red fox have a characteristic whitetipped tail.
Tell-tale Signs
Sightings are the most obvious way to know that fox
are in the area, but the presence of scat, tracks, and
hair are also good clues.
Red fox have chevron-shaped
heel pads that distinguish
them from other canids, an d
unlike most other canine
species, red fox grow large
amounts of fur between their
toes. Occasionally their feet
are covered with so much fu r
that i.ndividual toe pads in
tracks can be completely obscured.
Red fox have a musk gland located near the base of
their tai l. This gland contributes to their strong
musty urine odor, which can sometimes be detected
in areas where fox activi ty is high.
Vocalizations
Red fox are very vocal, especially d u ring the breeding season. The most commonly misinterpreted
sounds produced by red fox are screeching yowls
that are often reported as a domestic cat fight or a
mountain lion screaming. Barking and yipping are
also common, especially if pups are present. Although fox do howl, the sound is quite different from
coyote and wolf howling.
Habitat
Red fox can be found in most habitats in Colorado.
T hey are common in open woodlands, pasturelands,
riparian areas, and agricultural lands. Red fox can
also be successful urban dwellers and often do well
on the margim of urban ized areas.
Behavior
A typica l home range fo r a red fox is five to ten
square miles depending on food availability. Males
tend to travel fart her than females, but juveniles dispersing from their parents will often travel the farthest. Adult red fox will typically stay within a mile
of their den while they are raising pups.
Red fox may be active any time, day or night, but are
most active at dawn and dusk.
Hunting and Feeding Habits
Red fox are opportun istic o mnivores and are skilled
predators and scavengers. They will kill and eat
ground nesting birds and their eggs, as well as a wide
variety of small mammals, insects, amphibians, fish,
crawdads and earthworms. Fruits, ber ries, nuts, carrion and garbage are also part of their varied diets.
Mating and Breeding
Sexual maturity is
reached at approximately
IO months of age, and
bolh males and females
will breed as juveniles. ln
Colorado, most mating
occurs in mid to late
winter with most young
born in early spring after
a gestation period of 53
days.
Red fox often have a number of den sites ava ilable
for their use throughout the breeding and rearing
seasons; however, a primary den, called a natal den is
typica lly established in late winter. Natal den sites
may be used year after year.
Although red fox will excavate their own dens, they
seem to prefer using dens that were constructed by
other an imals. Depressions under buildings are also
favored den sites.
T hrougho ut most of the year red fox are observed in
pairs or in fami ly groups. While it is believed red fox
mate for li.fe, pairs may separate for a few months, rejoining du ring the breeding season.
Birth to Maturity
Red fox have a single an nual litter. Litter size may
vary, with litters in excess of 15 young documented.
Most litters average 4 to 5 pups, also known as kits.
Pups weigh about three or four ounces at birth. They
are born blind and helpless, but mature quickly. By
the time they are 9 days old, thei r eyes are completely
open. Weaning begi.ns when the pups are 4 to 5
weeks old.
Pups will stay within the den for the first month of
their lives. Red fox may move their pups once or
mo re throughout the early months oflife, part icularly if the existing den is disturbed. Once the pups
reach 4 to 5 weeks of age, they will start emerging
fro m the den, often playing near the den entrance.
When the pups are approximately 8 to 12 weeks old,
they begin to accompany the adults on hunting forays. By time the pups are 16-20 weeks old, they start
fending for themselves. Typically pups will remain
relatively close to the den fo r the fi rst several weeks
of independence, with most juveni.les dispersing in
the fall.
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THE BEAR FACTS
WHAT ABOUT BEARST
Black Bear have roamed Colorado for centuries. The Indians
knew the ways of the Black Bear and respected them, as did
the early explorers and mountain men.
Today roads and vehicles have made remote areas accessible
and contacts between people and bears are increasing. Bears
are naturally shy and prefer to be left alone. If through
carelessness or ignorance a bear is introduced to unnatural
food (your garbage or your picnic lunch), it may become a
problem bear.
The bear begins forsaking its natural food, loses its shyness,
and becomes more aggressive. If the bear becomes a danger
to human life and property, it must be removed or shot. If your
carelessness contributes to this, you will be partly to blame
fort he unnecessary removal or death of a magnificent animal.
�To CAMPERS and HIKERS
How to avoid an encounter with a black bear
1. Keep your distance. Bears can be extremely dangerous at
close range. They are neither friend nor enemy but are wild
and unpredictable.
2. Never feed a bear. The majority of conflict between bear and
people can be linked to the careless handling of food and
garbage. Garbage-trained or hand-fed bears associate food
with humans and can become aggressive if they don't get
what they expect.
3. Avoid cooking foods that give off strong odors. Burn all tin
cans and food scraps after a meal. Avoid cooking near your
tent. Don't pour grease on the ground and keep your
clothing free of grease and food scraps.
4. Never leave any trace of food in your campsite. All food
should be stored in your car trunk or suspended at least 1O
feet above ground. Coolers are no barrier to a bear's nose,
claws or jaws.
5. Never store food or garbage in a tent unless you can afford a
new one. Do not sleep near the clothes you wore wtien
cooking and avoid eating in your tent.
6. Never harass a bear or separate a sow from her cubs. Make
lots of noise when hiking to avoid a surprise encounter. Hike
in groups and don't let children straggle behind or rush
ahead.
7. If you come across a bear, make a wide detour, leaving the
bear an escape route. Keep calm and walk away while
facing the bear. Do not run or make sudden movements.
8. A bear rearing on its hind legs is not always a sign of
aggression. If it moves its head from side-to-side it may only
be trying to get your scent. Bears have very poor eyesight
and depend on scent and hearing.
9. Evidence indicates that bears are likely to be more aggressive
toward those wearing scented cosmetics, hair spray, deodorant and toward women during their menstrual period.
�At CABINS and LODGES
How to avoid an encounter with a black bear
1. Use bear-proof garbage containers.
2. Never store garbage in buildings or on porches. Bears have
an excellent sense of smell and will be attracted to these
areas.
3. Keep barbeques and tables free of odors and grease.
4. Do not store or leave dog or cat food where it could attract a
bear.
REMEMBER:
ALL BEARS ARE POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS
DON'T YOU BE A BEAR PROBLEM
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303-297-1192 www.wildlife.sta1e.co.us
Find ,mique wildlife viewingevents and festimls, kids activities m,rl much mom.
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6060 Broadway, Deiwer, CO 80216
303-291-7227
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719-227-5200
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151Easi 16th L, Durango,(O81301
970-2-17-0 55
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Exp/on• Colorado's incredible diversiQ• of birds.
wildlife 1111d 1/Je /1nbi1ms the)' depend 011.
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303-866-3-137 1111, v.parks.state.co.us
Ca mping Reservations
303-470-1144 800-678-2267
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1-800-COLORADO
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The Colorado Division of Wildlife is the state agency responsible for
managing wildlife and its habitat. as well as providing wildlife-related recreation.
T he Division is funded through hunting and fishing license foes, federal grants and
Colorad o Lottery proceeds through Great Outdoors Colorado.
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COlORAOO
0
GREAT OUTDOORS
COLORADO
Cover images. ~ Ken Archer
2007/50,000
��A DEER's LIFE
Mule deer, the most
familiar large mammal in
Colorado, inspire 11s with
their beauty and grace.
They are a welcome reminder
that the common is not
ecessarily ordinary.
T he mule deer was named
for its large, mule-like ears
that are ideal for listening.
Deer are social animals that live in family groups.
Fawns are born in early or mid-June and twins are not uncommon. Deer
mothers hide their offspring for the first few weeks, visiting only to feed
them. As the fawns grow stronger, they join their mothers in small groups
that feed and rest together.
During summer, bucks roam in small groups or on their own.
By late October, the courtship season - or "rut" - begins. Bucks
compete for the attention of does, and occasionally spar in combat
to determine dominance. The breeding season ends by late January,
when migrating mule deer herds reach their winter range.
�Deer males are called bucks,
females are does and
the young are fawns .
Mule deer are herbivores, browsing 011 tl,e juiciest
plants with the richest taste and nutrition. They feast
on tender flowers, leaves, and stems in spring and summer. During winter,
they clip the buds and shoots of shrubs and young trees.
Biologists estimate that Colorado is home to nearly
600,000 mule deer. However, theywere not always so abundant.
Early in the 20th century the sighting of a "mulie" was cau e for celebration.
By the 1930s, market hunting, drought, and poaching had reduced deer
numbers dramatically. The recovery of the Colorado mule deer population
is one of the more profound wildlife management succes stories for the
Colorado Division of Wildlife. Wildlife managers till face ignificant
challenges in maintaining Colorado's mule deer herds, including habitat
loss and disease.
Mule deer prefer open habitats where forest and
shrnblands mingle wit/, meadows - where they can
safely feed at the forest edge. Mule deer usually move with the seasons.
Summer finds them trekking to higher elevation , following the retreating
snowline as new plant sprouts are expo ed. The cool breezes of the
high country provide refreshi ng relief from biting in ects. When
days shorten and deep nows return to cover food and limit
movement, mule deer retreat to their winter range of lower
shrubby hillsides and river valleys.
�iLDEE!
WATCHING TIPS
You cnn enjoy watching mule deer
year-round in most parts of Colorado
- wherever good deer habitat is found. The best
viewing opportunities are at dawn and dusk, when
these animals are most active. Here's an idea of what
you can expect to see each season.
SPRING
Throughout tlte season, mule deer
are often fou11d in crop fields. Early in
spring, deer can look a bit scruffy as they shed their
thick winter coats. Bucks start showing buds of
new antler growth. Their antlers grow rapidly as
summer approaches.
SUMMER
Look in shrublands, aspen woodlands, wet
mountain meadows, and at the edge of the alpine tundra.
Because deer blend in so well with their environment, slowly scan areas
and look for slight movements. Does will seek privacy to bear young be sure to keep your distance!
Both sexes sport sleek summer brown coats, and the bucks' growing
antlers are covered in "velvet" - a fuzzy, blood-rich skin that supplies
oxygen and nutrients. Later in the season, when the antlers are full size,
the bucks scrape the velvet off on trees and other hard objects.
�FALL
Preoccupied with courtship and mati11_g, mule deer
are active all day at the edge between forest mrd
meadow, or where the pine and aspen mix with oak brush and sage.
Agroup of does may be a sign that bucks are nearby - displaying their
fuU, shiny antlers and thick swollen necks.
WINTER
This season, stay warni and view mule deer from
the car! They'll be where the food is - shrub-filled winter range of
low-elevation hillsides and river bottoms. Hoof prints in fresh snow
reveal prime spot to stop and look.
�SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT
Deer and elk (and moose) are members of the deer family. They share many physical similarities:
they all have brownish coats, grow antlers and live in groups.
But each species has distinct habits and preferences.
O BRUCE Gill
0 CHRISTOPHER SCOTT
i:0 KEN ARCHER
Mule Deer stand about 3 feet at the shoulder.
White-tailed Deer are slightly smaller
Elk stand about 4-5 feet tall at the shoulder and
Bucks can weigh up to 300 pounds. Females
are smaller.
than mule deer - on average about 50 pounds
lighter.
mature bulls may exceed 1,000 pounds. Cows can
reach 500 pounds.
Mule deer are typically brown in
summer and gra)1ish in winter.
The)' have large, mule-like ears; a
small whitish rump-patch and a short, narrow,
rope-like tail tipped with black hair.
White-tails can be gray or copper
colored, have small, delicate
features and sport long, wide tails
that lift lo reveal a white"flag:•
Elk are brown with light-colored
rump-patches. Unlike deer, elk
have a mane of dark brown
hair around the neck.
Antlers of mature white-tailed bucks have one
main beam; the tines do not branch.
Antlers of mature bulls are multi-branched and the
main beam is dark brown with ivory-colored tips.
They prefer treed areas near the water's edge and
are especially attracted to woodlands along rivers
of eastern Colorado.
They prefer wet meadows near forest cover.
Antlers of mature bucks branch from the main
beam, and each Line branches again.
They prefer open forests and shrublands,
especially the edge where forest and meadow meet.
Mule deer are primaril)' browsers, eating flowers,
leaves, young tree buds, and shrubs.
Man)' migrate seasonally between summer and
winter ranges.
White-tailed deer eat a variety of flowering plants
and grasses. No detailed studies have been made
on the diet of these deer in Colorado, but studies
in the East have shown that browse provides only
3- 17 percent of their diet.
Elk are primarily grazers, feeding on grasses and
flowering plants, willow buds and shoots. They
supplement their winter diets with aspen bark
and twigs.
The)' migrate seasonally between higher and
lower elevations.
During the rut, dominant bucks travel from
group to group, and will breed with many
females. Bucks compete for dominance through
posturing and clashes.
Courtship and breeding is similar to mule deer,
though sometimes described as more aggressive.
Mature bulls have elaborate courtship displays
battling and bugling to compete for dominance and
the attention of elk cows. Bulls collect a "harem" of
3-30 cows that will breed with them.
The mule deer's life span is 12-J5 years.
The white-tailed deer's lifespan is 12-15 years.
The elk's life span is 14-26 years.
They do not usually migrate seasonally.
�DEER AND ELK VIEWING SITES
•
•
Watch for mule deer throughout the state. Elk can be sttn at higher elevations and
white-tailed dttr are found on the Eastern Plains. The following sites were selected
from the Colorado Wildlife Viewing Guide, and th e numbers correspond to sites in th e
book. Location desoiptions are general, and you may need additional information.
W - White•tailed Deer
M - Mule Deer
E - Elk
Order the •
I I
r - which features over 200 places to see
Colorado wildlife , Visit the DOW on line store at www.wildlife.state.eo.us/wildlifestore.
You can buy• copy online for S14.9S or send a check/money order to Colorado Division
of Wildlife, 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216.
CO LORADO PLATEAU
I , ME Yampa River Corridor
I ME Roan Plateau
M Colorndo National Monument
ME Vega State Park
M Escalante State Wildlife Area '
I9l ME Black Canyon of the Gunnison
National Park
ME Ridgway State Park
ME UillyCreek tale Wildlife Area•
ME Di~tppointmcnt Valley
ME Dolores River anron
I M Mesa Verde Nat ional Park
FRONT RANGE
ME Estes Valley
ME Rocky Mountain National Park
JME Golden Gate Canyon State Park
-4 ME Guandla Pass
ME Mount Evans Highway
I ME Elk Meadow Park
l MW Rocky Mountain Arsenal National
Wildlife Refuge
MW Castlewood Canyon State Park
ME Garden of the Gods
ME South Park Reservoirs
7 ME JJeaver Creek State Wildlife Arca'
BME Bosque <lei so State Wildlife Area'
' l·fobi1111 S111111p m111ir,d
(i11c/11des Colorado mtrci, mu/ resrne f,·e)
(.
E Scntinal Mountain
MW Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge
ID I ME Flat'lbps Scenic U)"'ll)'
I ME Trough Road
11 E Dowd !unction Elk Vie"~ng Area
I M Weston Pass
I , ME Independence Pass
I ME Twin Lakes Reservoir
I I M Cottonwood L.1ke
I ME Cumberland Pass
I ME Naturnl Arch Watchable Wildl ife Rte
4' ME San Lui. Lake. State Park and
Wildlife Arca'
ME Alamo~t National Wildlife Refuge
• ME la, Iara and Hot Creek State
Wildlife Areas·
ME San Juan l),vay
r
.W
Tamarack Ranch State Wildlife Area·
MW Bonny L1kc State Park/South
Republican State Wildlife Area'
MW Kinney State Wildlife Arca'
MW fountain Creek Regional Park
MW John Mart in Reservoir State Park
and State Wildlife Area'
•
m
MW Picket Wire Canyonlands
MW Two Butt,~ State Wildlife Area'
lb purchase a Habitat Stamp:
1,,vw.wildlife.state.co.us
• 800·244·5613
••'
•
• Colorado Di1•ision of
Wildlife Service Centers
• Most sporting goods stores
�AN ELK's LIFE
Long a symbol of the Rocky
Mountain West, elk captivate
viewers. These majestic animals
draw crowds from around the world.
You'll recognize an elk when you see one - and you'll
probably see more than one! They live together in relatively large groups.
About the size of a small horse, elk are brown with a light tan rump-patch.
An elk by any other name ... some in the western United States
prefer to call elk wapiti, a Shawnee name that means "white rump:'
Bulls display large, impressive antlers
that can weigh up to 40 pounds. Antlers
are the fastest growing bone in the world!
They are shed and re-grown yearly.
C MLllHAGES
�Elk males are called bulls,
females are cows and
the young are calves.
Another wildlife management success story Several hundred years ago, elk were widely distributed in North America.
As waves of settlers migrated west, they killed large numbers of elk and
converted habitat to cropland, towns and cities. By 1900, elk were gone
from the East and scarce everywhere else. Only a few hundred elk
remained in Colorado. Sportsmen's groups aad others rallied to bring elk
back to the state. !J1 1914, a year before Rocky Mmuitain National Park
was established, 49 elk were captured in YeUowstone National Park and
released into the mountains around Este Park. Today, Colorado boasts
the largest elk population - 300,000 animals - of any state or province
in North America.
An elk's top two canine teeth are called
ivories and are believed to be remnants
of saber-like t usks that ancestral species
of elk once used in combat. Now, bulls
just battle w ith their massive antlers.
Sometimes it's said that "good elk habitat is good
wildlife habitat." The grass and forb-rich meadows, the willow
covered streams, wetlands, and heltering forests are desired by many species.
If elk become too nu merous in an area, tl1e habitat supporting boili the
elk and other wildlife species can be damaged or destroyed - reducing
tl1e variety of species and number of animals that can live iliere.
ln addition, many local residents become frustrated when elk wander
onto tl1eir lu h lawn and gardens. The problems are complex. Wildlife
managers, local governments and citizens must work together to explore
solutions to the e chaUenges.
�rlry •
rr1)
~~.......t~ll!J r~ / j ~
WATCHING TIPS
Elk viewing in Colorado's high
country is an experience you won't
soon forget.
Look. Elk leave clues of their presence: tracks,
scat, trails, daybeds, teeth and antler marks.
Listen. Elk are very social, and communicate
wir]l a variety of vocalizations throughout
the seasons.
Smell. Elk trails and resting areas can be
identified by a telltale"barnyard" scent a mix of musk and urine.
SPRING
Small herds of elk move to higher ground as new
grass emerges. Females will isolate themselves in preparation for
calving in late May and early June.
Watch for bulls sporting growing
antlers covered in velvet.
Elk migrate with the seasons. Here's where to look
at different times of the year.
Listen as cows bark to warn one another
of danger or mew to keep track of
one another. Distressed calves bleat
for their mothers.
SUMMER
Elk graze at high elevations - in wet mountain
meadows and even alpine tundra. Bulls can be seen in
bachelor groups or alone. Cows, calves and yearlings travel in loose herds.
Often, calves can be seen in nursery groups under the care of one or
two "babysitting'' cows.
C KEN ARCHER
�FALL
The "bugle" of the bull elk during mating season is
among the most haunting sounds in nature. The call
begins as an eerie squeal, gradually rising in pitch and volume before
dropping to a series of low-toned, guttural grunts. Bulls begin to bugle
just before du k during the rut to advertise their presence and fitness to
cows and potential rivals. Bulls joust witl1 their large antlers to establish
dominance- the dominant bull claims the harem, and tl1e chance to mate.
You can watch this impressive display from late August tluough early fall.
There are elk-,~ewing festivals and tour that can help you find places to
see elk at this time of year.
VIEWING &SAFETY TIPS
Time your outing for dawn and dusk when wildlife are most active.
Find a likely spot for animal ~ctivity; sit quictlJ a11d wait for wildlife to emerge.
1
Keep your distance, both for your safety and tl,eirs, when watching deer
and elk. Even animals that are accustomed to human presence can
easily become stressed. If an animal changes its behavior, stops eating
or seems nervous at your presence, it's time lo move a\Ya)'·
Al'oid sudden movement or loud noises. Minimizing your disturbance will lead
to more successful 1•iewing.
During the rut in the fall, deer 1111d elk am become dangerously aggressive.
!:luck and bulls may attack without provocation, so give them plenty of space.
Never approach a calf or afaw11 even if they appear to be alone. The mother is
usually nearby and will defend her young.
For a close-up 11iew, use billow/ars or spotting scopes, and use a telephoto lens
on your camera.
In Colorado, feeding deer and elk is against the law. Pceding human foods to
wildlife can be harmful to them, cause them to alter their natural behavior and
become tolerant of hwnans. It can al o be dangerous for people.
Safe/}' pull off tire road and use your car as a 1•iewi11g bli11d.
• Leave pets at /10111e. Dogs and deer/elk don't mLx.
WILDLIFE VIEWING SKILLS WORKSHOPS
Discover where, when and how to see wildlife as you sharpen
your senses. Practice using field guides and binoculars. Join the
Division of Wildlife for a dynamic presentation capped by a
nature walk.
WINTER
Elk gather in large groups in mountain valleys that
offer natural bay meadows lined with willowand alder. When deep snow
covers the valley floor, look for elk on the
south-facingslopes of adjacent hiUsides.
In late February and March ,
bulls shed their antlers. Some
antlers are gnawed on by
rodents for t heir calcium .
Call 303.291 .7
�
https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/9e582b367c164e3fed4dfd0ba3e288ca.pdf
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Brochures
Description
An account of the resource
CPW Brochures
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colorado Parks and Wildlife
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Mammals Brochures
Description
An account of the resource
Informational brochures for public. <br /><br />The collection includes many archival items (no longer used or published) and multiple revisions of some items. Note the dates of publication. <br /><br />Titles:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/865ca0d0d08bec92663ae926d6951206.pdf">Bears and Bird Feeders_What You Need to Know (brochure 2023)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/dc0f80cd066616dd42d53b7cead595d2.pdf">Camping & Hiking in Bear Country (brochure 2012)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/37d80cfc8dff1b85cfb59d623c34113d.pdf">Camping & Hiking in Bear Country (brochure 2016)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/1b0365c61a1bd1a8870519e9c102c655.pdf">Don't Feed the Wildlife (brochure 2011)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/ff376c606b89c4c70ab419a9661a1e89.pdf">Living With Bears (brochure 2009)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/4cabfc363567b96929ef2f2c858d070d.pdf">Living With Bears_ How to Avoid Wildlife Conflicts (brochure 2014)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/3ca1015739dc7ffc312c0b5e1817b8e1.pdf">Living With Bears_ How to Avoid Wildlife Conflicts (brochure 2023)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/0a9957d0e2e337a003d31a9d23875eaa.pdf">Living With Coyotes_How to Avoid Wildlife Conflicts (brochure 2014)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/51dc2e1d2d004ef532521cd2d042250c.pdf">Living With Mountain Lions_How to Avoid Wildlife Conflicts (brochure 2025)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/4fe187dba6bd9b723bd5809c45a0fdb4.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Bear Country (brochure 1992)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/aa56e257b918d2c8ae57d31556002ac0.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Bear Country (brochure 1997)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/837630f47f77af5d11a4b6847c80b4b3.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Coyote Country (brochure 1994)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/5511e14b0b470dc975c3dfa53e381d6d.pdf">Living With Mountain Lions_How to Avoid Wildlife Conflicts (brochure 2025)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/87da553531116d67d221d75f88050760.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Bear Country (brochure 1992)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/6e00c8a1a685086a034135c475eccea6.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Bear Country (brochure 1997)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/3f890696ded50907ee8d4cbb2ce1bb8a.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Coyote Country (brochure 1994)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/3bbdda37b0d8da825e8095ab157c9616.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Coyote Country (brochure 1998)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/44711aab10ec200d67061b2acd26acb3.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Lion Country (brochure 1991)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/0f1d6cb3b855599a3521e2c143d107ba.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Lion Country (brochure 1998)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/3c37f4fcdab231fc2aa13be7d55693ab.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Moose Country (brochure 1999)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/b4999887b2bd46ff5c3b70503f3f0569.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Moose Country (brochure 2011)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/15e964ea99e3b66aa80e32c3f04577b0.pdf">Living With Wildlife in Red Fox Country (brochure 2007)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/13d5cc4c15f7b3c405d6a6f0faae8113.pdf">The Bear Facts (brochure 1985)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/bf2f17cc57ed37d85af50517e9bc8e21.pdf">Watching Deer & Elk (brochure 2014)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/9f2b2a5de5aad5279e1bc7133e82e9bf.pdf">Watching Deer & Elk (brochure 2017)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/9e582b367c164e3fed4dfd0ba3e288ca.pdf">Your Guide to Avoiding Human-Coyote Conflicts (brochure 2009)</a></li>
</ul>
<strong><br />RELATED COLLECTIONS</strong>:<br /><a href="https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/items/show/616">Mammals Fact Sheets</a><br /><span><br />Print copy located in CPW Research Library: FILE Brochures</span>