1
10
7
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https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/369fc8a516e7d68a613e20fb93bda195.pdf
81f025741a93ee14948e2b5a01b0b87f
PDF Text
Text
Coyote or Gray Wolf:
How to Spot the Differences
Gray wolves are about twice the size of coyotes. They can measure up to 6 feet in
length, including tail, and stand approximately 30 inches in height at the shoulder.
Female wolves weigh around 70 – 80 pounds, while males
weigh around 95 – 100 pounds.
Wolves have larger and blockier snouts/muzzles and shorter and more
rounded ears than coyotes, who have longer, narrower features. Wolves
also have distinctively bushier and shorter tails.
Coyotes are shorter, sleeker, and lighter on their feet.
Their weight ranges from 15 - 45 pounds, meaning they
are significantly smaller than gray wolves. Coyotes typically
measure up to 4 feet in length including tail, and stand closer to
18 inches in height at the shoulder.
Tracks: Wolf tracks are about 5 inches long by 4 inches wide, with four symmetrical
toes and identifiable claws; coyote tracks are similar, but are only about half that size.
The track paths of wolves usually show a direct, purposeful route.
Coyote
Gray wolf
Gray wolf profile
Coyote profile
�
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Gray Wolf Reintroduction
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Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado
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Coyote or gray wolf: how to spot the differences
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Gray wolves are about twice the size of coyotes. Coyotes are shorter, sleeker, and lighter on their feet.
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<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Wolves/Wolf-VS-Coyote-Identification-Sign.pdf#search=Coyote%20or%20Gray%20Wolf%3A%20How%20to%20Spot%20the%20Differences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Link to PDF at CPW</a>
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Coyote
Gray wolf
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Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado
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Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado
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Gray Wolf Reintroduction 'Education Session #1'
Description
An account of the resource
CPW is providing a series of education sessions dedicated to the gray wolf reintroduction program. This video, recorded on April 29, 2019, is the first in this series.
Learn more about CPW's gray wolf reintroduction program at:
https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/Wolves-Stay-Informed.aspx
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Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado
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Gray Wolf Reintroduction 'Education Session #2'
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CPW is providing a series of education sessions dedicated to the gray wolf reintroduction program. This video is the second in this series.
Learn more about CPW's gray wolf reintroduction program at:
https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/Wolves-Stay-Informed.aspx
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2021-05-24T15:05:58Z
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21627184a6124986f10ff319ebd6d9c8
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Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado
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<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/F3cz9GzoC1Y" title="Gray Wolf Reintroduction 'Education Session #3'" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe>
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CPW is providing a series of education sessions dedicated to the gray wolf reintroduction program. This video, recorded on June 16, 2021, is the third in this series that discusses wolf-livestock damage minimization and compensation.
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1:48:23
Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado
-
https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/a57e21faf9d5f8fe7883f7ed5bf97959.pdf
f11e786b9b6a80b7b9aa65c708bc38db
PDF Text
Text
C O L O R A D O
P A R K S
&
W I L D L I F E
How to Report a
Wolf Sighting in Colorado
Colorado Parks and Wildlife Managers have many tools to help monitor wolves in Colorado, such as GPS and radio collars, signs of tracks, hair and scat, and wolf sightings from
the public. Your information will help CPW monitor this species.
Have you seen a wolf?
Help Colorado Parks and Wildlife biologists monitor
wolves by filling out the Wolf Sighting Form. Whenever possible, please provide a photo or video, the exact
location coordinates, and other detailed information
for confirmation purposes. Your identity and the location of the sighting are protected by CPW and will not
be publicly shared.
How to identify a gray wolf
Gray wolves are about twice the size of coyotes. They
can measure up to 6 feet in length, including tail, and
stand approximately 30 inches in height at the shoulder. For more information, see the handout Coyote or
gray wolf: How to spot the differences.
Coyote
Gray Wolf
Submit a Wolf Sighting Form to
https://cpw.info/wolf-sighting.
Gray Wolf
profile
Coyote
Coyote
profile
profile
This photo was turned in anonymously by a member of the public
and informed CPW staff about the presence of this wolf in Colorado
that had migrated from Wyoming.
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us
1-23
�
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Gray Wolf Reintroduction
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Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado
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How to report a wolf sighting in Colorado
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Information from Colorado Parks & Wildlife on how to identify a gray wolf and submit a <a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/Wolf-Sighting-Form.aspx?utm_source=website&utm_medium=print&utm_campaign=Wolf-Sighting-Form">Wolf Sighting Form</a>.
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Colorado Parks & Wildlife
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Gray wolf
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1 page
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2023-01
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CPW fact sheet
Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado
-
https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/ee1324f2516db72671bdf2f431998ce3.pdf
b8318b51ea8b2d31154947d4a808635b
PDF Text
Text
C O L O R A D O PA R K S & W I L D L I F E
Living With
Wolves
© JERRY NEAL/CPW
HOW TO AVOID WILDLIFE CONFLICTS
cpw.state.co.us
cpw.state.co.us
�What to Do if You Live in
Wolf Country
Generally, wolves are calm and elusive. Wolves are
habitat generalists, but are most commonly found in
areas with plentiful deer and elk populations. Wolves
avoid humans and are unlikely to approach people or
homes.
We can live with these native predators if we respect
gray wolves and their habitat. To reduce the risk of
problems with wolves on or near your property, we
urge you to follow these simple precautions.
It is very rare for wolves to cause a direct
threat to humans.
☐ Make lots of noise if you come and go during the
times when wolves are most active—dusk to dawn.
☐ Don’t feed wolves or any other wildlife.
☐ Keep pets close to your home at all times of
day, and bring them in at night. Don’t feed pets
outside. Store all garbage securely.
☐ Place livestock in enclosed sheds or barns at night
when available/appropriate. Close doors to all
outbuildings so wildlife cannot get inside.
☐ Please see CPW's Wolf Resource Guide
cpw.info/Wolf-Resource-Guide
(cpw.info/Wolf-Resource-Guide) for more
information about protecting livestock.
Recreating in Wolf Country
To reduce the likelihood of an encounter, or of an
encounter turning into an attack, general alertness of
surroundings is highly recommended.
Look around — scan the sides of hills,
forests or open meadows.
▶ Make noise so you don’t surprise wildlife.
▶ Hike with a sturdy walking stick or bear spray.
▶ Keep pet dogs on a leash or close to you with voice
control at all times.
What to Do if You
Encounter a Wolf
Aggressive behavior from wild wolves toward
humans is very rare. Encounters with wolves are an
interaction—you should follow these guidelines and
assess how the wolf responds to your action so you
can choose what to do next. Each situation is unique.
Do not approach a wolf, especially one
that is feeding or with pups, or if you have
a dog with you. Most wolves will try to
avoid a confrontation. Give them a way to
escape.
Maintain visual contact with the wolf so
you can see what it is doing and where it
is. Talk calmly yet firmly to it and make
enough eye contact so that it knows you
have seen it. Most wolves will run away.
If you have a dog with you, keep the dog
away from the wolf. Dogs can aggravate
wolves, and the situation can escalate if
dogs are acting aggressively toward wolves.
If there is shelter or a vehicle nearby, face
the wolf and stand upright while backing
away slowly. Running may stimulate a
predatory instinct to chase and attack.
If you cannot retreat, stand your ground,
face the wolf and try to appear larger. For
example, raise your arms, stand on a
stump or a rock or open your jacket. Place
obstacles you may have, like a bike,
between you and the wolf.
If the wolf behaves more aggressively (eyes
locked on you, ears forward or
backwards), yell loudly, clap and wave
your walking stick in front of you. An air
horn may also be effective.
If the wolf gets even more aggressive (ears
lowered, growling/snarling, baring teeth),
be ready to fight back or deploy bear spray
at an approaching wolf.
In the very unlikely event that a wolf
attacks you, fight back. Remain standing,
and try to get back up if you are knocked
down. A wolf ’s underbelly and face,
including its eyes, can be sensitive areas to
target with fingers or sharp objects if you
have to strike back.
�G
ray wolves are habitat generalists. If you live
or recreate in the foothills or mountains of
Colorado, you are in wolf country. Wolves are not
normally a danger to humans, but you should treat
wolves with the same respect you give any other wild
animal. With a better understanding of wolves and
their habitat, we can coexist with these magnificent
animals.
What We Know About
Wolves
The gray wolf (Canis lupus) historically ranged across
much of the Northern Hemisphere and beyond, from
the Arctic to Mexico and from coast to coast. Once
distributed statewide, the gray wolf was extirpated
from the state in the 1940s. It took nearly 80 years
before wild wolf pups were born again in Colorado,
which occurred in 2021.
CPW’s Wolf Restoration and Management Plan
calls for wolves to be released over 3-5 years (1015 animals per year) into select areas west of the
Continental Divide. Release locations will not occur
within 60 miles of neighboring states so that released
wolves are more likely to remain in Colorado. It is
anticipated that wolves will eventually inhabit many
areas of Colorado, but releases will use this buffer
with the intent of limiting immediate dispersal into
neighboring states. Wolves are also likely to disperse
to areas east of the Continental Divide.
How Big Are Gray Wolves?
GRAY WOLF
Species:
Canis lupus
Present in Colorado?
Adult Weight:
Gray wolves are about twice the size
of coyotes. They can measure up to
six feet in total length, including tail,
and stand approximately 30 inches
in height at the shoulder. Female
wolves weigh around 80-90 pounds,
while males weigh around 90-110
pounds.
The gray wolf has a long bushy tail
and erect, slightly rounded ears. Its
legs are longer, feet larger and chest
narrower than a dog of similar size.
Wolves have larger and blockier
snouts/muzzles and shorter and
more rounded ears than coyotes,
who have longer, narrower features.
Wolves also have distinctively
bushier and shorter tails.
Tracks
Depending on the substrate, wolf
tracks are about 5 inches long by 4
inches wide, with four symmetrical
toes and identifiable claws; coyote
tracks are similar, but are only
about half that size. Large dogs,
such as livestock guardian dogs,
can have tracks with similar
dimensions to wolves.
COYOTE
26-34"
6 feet
WOLF
The gray wolf is the largest of the
wild canids. Wolves look like large
dogs and their coloring ranges
from black to pale gray. Wolves
occasionally are more tawny colored
or even white.
80-110 pounds
Height (at shoulder):
Total Length:
YES
Physical appearance
Species:
Canis latrans
Present in Colorado?
Adult Weight:
Height (at shoulder):
Total Length:
YES
30-50 pounds
18-24"
4.5 feet
Front
5”(13cm)
Back
4”(10cm)
LARGE DOG
Front
4”(10cm)
Back
3.5”(9cm)
COYOTE
Front
3”(8cm)
Back
2.5”(6cm)
5’ 7”
(175cm)
�Habitat
Mating and breeding
Wolves may be found anywhere in Colorado, but are
predominantly likely to be found in regions where elk
and deer are abundant. Wolf habitat includes riparian
areas, mountains, forests and open meadows. Wolves
generally avoid steep and rocky terrain and areas of
human activity.
A wolf ’s natural life span is about six years in the
wild. Wolves are sexually mature at two years old, but
may not breed until they are older. In each pack, the
behaviorally dominant male and female are usually
the breeders, and they prevent subordinate adults
from mating by physically harassing them. Breeding
occurs in February, and gestation is approximately
nine weeks. In April, breeding females produce a litter
of four to six pups, on average; typically only one litter
is produced per pack per year. Wolves generally den
in underground burrows that the breeding female
digs out. The breeding male and other packmates
provide food for the nursing mother.
Wolves are very territorial, meaning they protect
the area where they hunt and raise young from
wolves that are not in their pack. Wolves define their
territory by scent marking, urinating and defecating.
The size of the territory depends on the terrain,
how much food is available and proximity to other
wolf packs. Wolves also communicate through
vocalizations and may let another pack know they are
in the area by howling.
Hunting and feeding
Wolves are most active from dusk to dawn, although
they do travel and hunt in daylight. Wolves prefer
to eat ungulates like deer, elk and moose; however
they also eat other small mammals and, occasionally,
livestock. In Colorado, elk will likely make up the
majority of wolves’ diets.
Wolves are cursorial hunters, meaning they chase
their prey to capture them. Members of the same
pack hunt together, and larger packs are better at
killing large prey. The vast majority of wolf hunts are
unsuccessful, and hunting is dangerous to the wolf.
Injuries acquired during hunting are a leading cause
of natural mortality for wolves, such as being kicked
or gored.
Habits
Wolves are social animals, living in a family group
known as a pack. A pack usually consists of 6-10
animals: a male and female (the breeding pair), pups
from the previous year (yearlings) and the current
year’s pups. Wolves disperse from the pack they
were born in around age 2 or 3. Wolves that do not
disperse may remain in the pack as subordinate
adults, and occasionally, an unrelated adult will join
the pack. The dominant pair tends to lead the pack by
raising the young, selecting denning and rendezvous
sites, and maintaining the territory. The territory
may cover 20-120 square miles. The size of their
territory depends on factors like suitable habitat, food
availability and wolf density. Wolves naturally require
a lot of space, which can sometimes lead to conflict
with humans.
At six weeks old, the pups are weaned and the adults
begin to bring them meat. Adults eat the meat at a
kill site, then return and regurgitate the food for the
pups to eat. The hungry pups jump and nip at the
adults’ muzzle to stimulate regurgitation. The pack
leaves the den when the pups are 6-12 weeks old. The
female carries the pups in her mouth to a rendezvous
site or nursery area. The rendezvous site is the focus
of the pack’s social activities for the summer months
and is usually near water. By August, the pups wander
up to 2 to 3 miles from the rendezvous site and use
it less often. The pack leaves the site in September or
October and the pups, now mobile, follow the adults.
Report a sighting
CPW receives and investigates many potential wolf
sightings each year.
We have a wolf sighting form available on our website
and we encourage you to fill it out if you believe you
have seen a wolf in your area.
We ask that any photos or videos be included with
these reports if available.
Wolf Sighting Form ▼
cpw.info/wolf-sighting
© MIKAELMALES | DREAMSTIME.COM
�WE’RE HERE TO HELP
Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) is responsible for
managing, conserving and protecting wildlife. Your
concerns are our concerns about wildlife as well.
If you have an encounter with a wolf or an attack
occurs, please immediately contact your local CPW
office, Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., as
listed below.
After hours, contact the Colorado State Patrol
(303) 239-4501 or your local Sheriff ’s Department.
To report a sighting, please contact a CPW regional
field office during normal business hours. Your
information is very valuable to us.
CPW REGIONAL FIELD OFFICES
Brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 842-6300
Colorado Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 227-5200
Denver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (303) 291-7227
Durango . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 247-0855
Fort Collins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 472-4300
Glenwood Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 947-2920
Grand Junction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 255-6100
Gunnison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 641-7060
Hot Sulphur Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 725-6200
Lamar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 336-6600
Meeker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 878-6090
Monte Vista. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 587-6900
Montrose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 252-6000
Pueblo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 561-5300
Salida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (719) 530-5520
Steamboat Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (970) 870-3333
This program receives Federal financial assistance from the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. Under Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Section 504 of the
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990,
the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and Title IX of the Education Amendments
of 1972, the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis
of race, color, national origin, age, sex, or disability. If you believe that you have
been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility, or if you need more
information, please write to: Office of Diversity, Inclusion and Civil Rights, U.S.
Department of the Interior 1849 C Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20240
Colorado Parks & Wildlife Headquarters
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216
cpw.state.co.us
(303) 297-1192 • cpw.sta
te.co.us
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Title
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Gray Wolf Reintroduction
Description
An account of the resource
Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado
Text
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Title
A name given to the resource
Living with wolves: how to avoid wildlife conflicts
Description
An account of the resource
Brochure sections:<br />
<ul>
<li>What to Do if You Live in Wolf Country</li>
<li>Recreating in Wolf Country </li>
<li>What to Do if You Encounter a Wolf</li>
<li>What We Know About Wolves</li>
<li>Report a Sighting</li>
</ul>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colorado Parks & Wildlife
Subject
The topic of the resource
Gray wolf
Endangered species
Human wildlife conficts
Colorado
Brochure
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
5 pages
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
2023/11/21
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - NON-COMMERCIAL USE PERMITTED</a>
Type
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Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
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English
Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado
-
https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/9e6aaa65fb166fc649010aeb9b3382a7.pdf
5d672f064aac8e0882e73fa9b7c5ddc8
PDF Text
Text
C O L O R A D O
P A R K S
&
W I L D L I F E
Wolf Resource Guide
HANDS-ON RESOURCE GUIDE TO REDUCE DEPREDATIONS
COLORADO
& WILDLIFE••Wolves:
6060 Broadway,
Denver,
CO 80216
• (303)
cpw.state.co.us
COLORADO
PARKSPARKS
& WILDLIFE
Hands-on
Resource
Guide
to297-1192
Reduce •Depredations
1
�Introduction and Thanks
The CPW Commission has passed regulations that
align with US Fish and Wildlife Service guidelines
and provide landowners with a wide variety of options
and resources to minimize conflict and potential wolf
depredation. This includes commonly accepted hazing
techniques such as fladry (fencing), range riders, guard
animals, and scare devices.
Specific regulations are subject to change through
approvals from the CPW Commission; the most recent
regulations can be found in https://cpw.state.co.us/
Documents/RulesRegs/Regulations/Ch10.pdf.
Livestock owners concerned about wolves on their
property should contact their local CPW office to
work closely with our district wildlife managers on
implementing the strategies listed in this guide.
Running livestock in wolf range is challenging. Costeffective risk management can increase profitability.
While there is no silver bullet, there are some proven
techniques for reducing risk of wolf-livestock conflict.
Carcass
Management
Livestock
Guard Dogs
Riders and
Herders
Tool Guide
The presence of wolves in your area adds additional
challenges to ranching. Some of these risk-management
tools may be appropriate for use depending on your
operation.
Tool
MIG
Livestock Guard
Dogs & Donkeys
Authors: Nathan Lance, Steve Primm, Kristine Inman
Contributors: Brainerd Foundation, People and
Carnivores, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks wolf
specialists, Wildlife Conservation Society
Illustration: Jason Smith
2
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • Wolves: Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
Fladry/
Electrified
Fladry
Mixed Herd
Composition
There are many resources available to further help you
identify and implement the most appropriate strategies
to reduce indirect impacts or loss. Consider contacting
your local wildlife manager to learn more as they may
have additional resources to assist you with cost-share
programs, equipment, and list of suppliers.
We want to thank the original
creators of the resource guide.
Management
Intensive
Grazing (MIG)
Guard
Animals
The goal of this brochure is to outline different tools
that may suit your operation. Your local wildlife agency
or other organizations can offer additional help in
evaluating and identifying options and may offer cost
sharing, materials, or labor to assist your efforts.
Colorado Parks and Wildlife would like to thank
Brainerd Foundation, People and Carnivores, Montana
Fish, Wildlife and Parks wolf specialists, and the
Wildlife Conservation Society for providing CPW
with permission to co-brand this useful document in
Colorado.
High Risk
Landscape
Scare
Devices
©Jason Smith
This Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
is meant to be a useful introduction for ranchers and
livestock owners to implement effective strategies to
prevent wolf depredations.
Carcass Management
Pasture Size
0≤ Acres
0 - 1,000 Acres
0 ≤ Acres
Riders & Herders
640 ≤ Acres
Fladry
≥ 640 Acres
Scare Devices
≥ 60 Acres
High-Risk Landscapes
0 ≤ Acres
Herd Composition
0 ≤ Acres
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Management Intensive Grazing (MIG)
Livestock Guard Dogs
Livestock Guarding Donkeys
Carcass Management
Riders and Herders
Fladry/Electrified Fladry
Scare Devices
Managing Livestock on
High-Risk Landscapes
• Herd Composition
Livestock
Cattle, Horses, Sheep,
Goats
Cattle, Horses, Sheep,
Goats
All Livestock, including
Poultry
All Livestock
All Livestock, including
Poultry
All Livestock, including
Poultry
Cattle, Horses, Sheep,
Goats
Cattle, Horses, Sheep,
Goats, Mules
When it Works Best
Late Spring-Fall
Yearlong
Spring and Fall
Yearlong
Yearlong
Yearlong
Times of High Wolf Use
Yearlong
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • Wolves: Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
3
�Management Intensive Grazing
Management Intensive Grazing
(MIG): Also known as mob grazing,
uses higher stocking densities with
frequent pasture changes.
Where It Works Best:
Any size pasture
Cattle, sheep, goats, and horses
Livestock Guarding Dogs
Considerations:
• Close proximity of cattle may increase risk of
disease depending on the time of year MiG is used
and the age of livestock.
• MiG takes advantage of stock’s natural response to
predators. Stock naturally bunch up in response to
predators, making them less vulnerable, and can
reduce issues of weight loss.
• Steep terrain may make MiG challenging.
Livestock Guarding Dogs (LGD) are
specially bred and reared dogs that
bond to and watch over livestock.
They watch for potential threats and
use escalating aggression to move
wolves away.
Where It Works Best:
Up to 1,000-acre pastures
Sheep, goats, horses, and cattle
When It Works:
Yearlong: typically late spring through fall
When It Works:
Yearlong
Advantages:
• Periodic herd management increases human
presence, which may discourage wolves from
frequenting pastures and aid in early detection of
wolves.
• Prompt doctoring of sick or injured stock
minimizes high-risk animals.
• Frequent pasture changes make the location of
livestock less predictable for wolves.
• MiG practices benefit range health.
Advantages:
• Dogs travel with the livestock.
• Dogs provide around-the-clock vigilance.
• Dogs’ scent marking and barking behaviors signal
an occupied territory to wolves.
• Dogs alert people to trouble
Disadvantages:
• MiG requires more labor.
• May require building and moving temporary
electric fence.
4
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • Wolves: Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
Considerations:
It is mportant to match the right breed of Livestock
Guard Dogs (LGD) with your ranch needs:
• There are over 30 breeds of livestock guard dogs.
The right number and breed of LGDs for your
ranch will depend on the size of operation and wolf
activity.
• There are two different behaviors
• Roamers: LGD breeds that tend to be more
oriented toward driving predators away. A good
example of these breeds include: Anatolian,
Komondor, Turkish Kangal, and Akbash.
• Tenders: LGD breeds that tend to stick closer to
livestock and even attempt to gather up stock
when confronted with threats. A good example
of these breeds include: Tatra, Maremma, and
Pyrenees.
• Select your LGD for intellect instead of aggression
• Evaluate and assess how the dogs are working
to make adjustments (# of dogs, behavior, breed)
when needed. When dogs are in close proximity
to wolf dens or homesites there is the potential for
wolves to view LGD as territorial intruders. During
these times, consider keeping LGD and livestock in
alternate pastures or increase vigilance of riders.
• Use at least 3 dogs. Larger groups increase the dogs’
safety and have greater potential to deter wolves.
• Dogs should be socialized to people for ease of vet
care, moving dogs, and encounters with public.
• Provide dogs with protective collars to reduce
mortality in wolf conflicts.
• Introduce dogs before conflicts arise so they can
learn their landscape and establish presence.
• When used in smaller pastures, you may need to
train LGD to electric fences to discourage roaming
onto roads or near non-tolerant neighbors.
Disadvantages
• Dogs are not as effective with highly dispersed
livestock.
• Dogs can be viewed as a competitor especially in
wolf territories and can be vulnerable to attack.
• Dogs require additional expenses of food and vet
care.
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • Wolves: Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
5
�Livestock Guarding Donkeys
Donkeys watch over livestock,
look for potential threats and use
escalating aggression to move
predators away.
Where It Works Best:
Up to 1,000 acre pastures
Sheep, goats, horses, and cattle
When It Works:
Yearlong
Advantages:
• Travel with the livestock.
• Provide around the clock vigilance.
• No extra feeding needed, forage with livestock.
• Low cost, minor maintenance.
• Provide an alert presence.
• Not prone to wandering.
• Long life expectancy.
Disadvantages:
• Too many donkeys in one pasture may lead to
congregating only with each other rather than
displaying protective behaviors.
• Are not as effective in larger dispersed herds.
Considerations:
• Consider Jennies rather than Jacks.
• Use larger donkey breeds (eg., mammoth donkeys).
• Introduce young donkeys for at least 1-2 weeks to
allow bonding with livestock.
• Donkeys can be aggressive toward dogs, so initially
limit and supervise their interaction with ranch
dogs. Dogs will learn to work around donkeys.
6
Carcass Management
Range Riders and Herders
Removing or disposing of
attractants (carcasses) that may
lure wolves into close proximity of
livestock.
Where It Works Best:
Any size pasture
All livestock including poultry
When It Works:
Yearlong, typically spring and fall when death loss is
greatest.
Advantages:
• Reduces potential conflicts by minimizing attractants.
• Most ranches already spend time moving carcasses
to a deadpile; the same amount of time can be
devoted to staging carcasses for removal by a local
contractor to either a carcass composting facility or a
landfill that accepts carcasses.
Disadvantages:
• Burying carcasses can be difficult in freezing ground.
Considerations:
• Consider burying or burning carcasses regularly.
• Reduce access to carcasses or carcass pits with woven
wire, electric fence, fladry, or a combination of these
tools.
• Community level carcass pickup programs with
central disposal or composting sites have proven
successful.
• Terrain, road access, or deep snow may make
removal difficult.
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • Wolves: Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
Range riders and herders manage
herd and range health, herd
distribution, and help in early
detection of carnivore-livestock
interactions.
Where It Works Best:
640 acres or greater for cattle, sheep and goats
When It Works:
Yearlong
Advantages:
• Allows for earlier detection and management of
injured, sick, or dead livestock.
• Provides proactive management of livestock
distribution in relation to range health as well as
carnivore presence.
• Human presence and non-lethal harassment
deters wolves.
• Improves information exchange on predator
activity between the livestock producer and
managing agencies.
• Allows producer to know when preventative
efforts need to be stepped up.
Disadvantages:
• Limited mobility of a single rider.
Considerations:
• Using riders and herders to reduce conflicts can
be even more effective if used in conjunction with
other tools, especially livestock guard dogs and
management intensive grazing.
• Herders live with livestock and range riders spend
periods of time with livestock.
• Depending on scale, a rider can cover a number of
ranches and even a watershed.
• Range rider effectiveness depends on allotment
size, terrain, and distribution and visibility of
livestock on the range.
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • Wolves: Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
7
�Fladry/Electrified Fladry
Scare Devices
• Areas with high wind may require more
maintenance due to flags entangling with
vegetation or wrapping around wire.
Fladry (flagging interspersed on a
single strand of twine) is a portable
barrier strung around livestock
pastures or holding areas. The
flagging triggers an innate fear and
avoidance in wolves because it is
a novel stimulus. By electrifying
the fladry, a wolf’s fear response is
reinforced with an electric shock.
Considerations:
• Fladry equipment has limited availability,
conservation groups and wildlife agencies may
have supplies available for loan.
• Electrification of fladry is not as effective in dry
ground areas but including an earth-return-wire
(AKA groundwire) can resolve this issue.
• Needs vigilance to keep it maintained and
working properly. Wolves eventually habitate
to fladry, so it should be moved or electrified to
reduce or prevent habituation.
• Ideal for smaller pastures (calving pastures, horse
pastures, sheep night pens, and protecting deadpits).
Where It Works Best:
Any size pasture, typically with enclosures < 640 acres
(1 mile per side)
All livestock, including poultry
When It Works:
Yearlong
Advantages:
• Fladry requires relatively small quantities of
materials.
• Easily transported, laid out, and erected.
• Requires less planning than a permanent fence.
• Can be stored when not needed.
• Can be reused.
• Especially advantageous when moving livestock
frequently and supplies/labor are limited.
Disadvantages:
• May require extra maintenance in heavy snow
areas or areas of heavy vegetation growth (as this
may result in grounding issues).
8
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • Wolves: Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
• Scare devices may not be welcomed in areas of
high human presence.
• May be difficult to obtain due to federal
regulations on (pyrotechnics), limited suppliers or
manufacturers.
Considerations:
• Ideal for short duration in areas of frequent wolf
use.
• Ideal when used in addition to other tools.
• Varying the scare devices can increase
effectiveness.
• RAG boxes require radio collars and only work if
a radio-collared wolf is present.
• MAG boxes may be more appropriate as they are
not affected by steep rocky terrain like RAG boxes
are. MAG boxes can be triggered by any motion.
Scare devices like motion or radio
activated (MAG/RAG) boxes,
sirens, strobe lights, pyrotechnics,
scarecrows, and radios change wolf
behavior by causing fear.
Where It Works Best:
Small pastures/pens (<60 acres) or areas with frequent
wolf use for short durations (2-3 months)
When It Works:
Yearlong
All livestock, including poultry
Advantages:
• Certain scare devices (sirens, lights, MAG/RAG
boxes) can alert people to the presence of an
animal as well as scare animals away.
• Relatively low cost.
• Simple and portable tool.
• Can be used to discourage wolves from placing
dens or homesites near livestock.
Disadvantages:
• Wolves may habituate and quickly learn to ignore
the device.
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • Wolves: Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
9
�High-risk Landscape Management
Risk of wolf/livestock encounters
can be reduced by understanding
and adjusting ranching practices
during times and areas of high risk.
Typically these are areas of high
prey abundance (elk calving and
wintering ground) and wolf activity
(dens).
Herd Composition
Considerations:
• Evening/dusk feeding should start 2 weeks prior
to encourage day calving when predators are less
active.
• Plan calving to correspond with wild ungulate
birth pulse (May-June), thus livestock are not
the only vulnerable or high-risk prey on the
landscape.
• To increase herd security, utilize high stocking
rates for short duration (more Animal Days/Acre)
in pastures with good forage in high use wolf
travel paths.
• Delay turnout to pastures when wolves are
denning or at homesites in or near pastures.
• Consider pastures with low ungulate activity
and/or encourage hunting or hazing (check
regulations) to disperse localized ungulates.
• Bring into corrals or barn at night.
• Night pen in an electric fence.
Where It Works Best:
Any size pasture
Cattle, sheep, goats, and horses
When It Works:
Yearlong: typically in seasons of high ungulate
densities or wolf use.
Advantages:
• Lowers risk of depredation and vulnerability of
livestock by avoiding high-risk landscapes.
• Maintains use of forage and pastures in high-risk
areas by altering the timing of use.
Disadvantages:
• Potentially more labor intensive.
• Requires changes to husbandry practices.
10
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • Wolves: Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
Mixing different age classes
and breeds of livestock reduces
vulnerability to predation.
Where It Works Best:
Any size pasture
Sheep, cattle, goat, horses, and mules
When It Works:
Yearlong
Advantages:
• Stronger maternal instincts may reduce
vulnerability of young.
• Experienced animals are less likely to flee and more
likely to stand their ground, making them difficult
for wolves to attack.
• Experienced animals may avoid areas of high
predator presence and influence other stock to do
the same.
• Handling younger animals may be more difficult
with protective mothers.
• Classes and breeds may self-segregate, operating as
independent herds within in the same pasture.
Considerations:
• Mix experienced older age classes with (younger)
naïve livestock.
• Add a few aggressive or vigilant breeds to your
herd.
• Retain and promote livestock with stronger
maternal instincts.
• It is riskier to run yearlings or naïve livestock.
Disadvantages:
• Retaining older, experienced stock primarily for
protective purposes may impact profitability.
• Sorting different classes or breeds for shipping/
marketing may be an additive chore/cost.
• Horned cattle have associated risks to handlers and
dogs.
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • Wolves: Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
11
�State of Colorado
Governor:
JARED POLIS
Department of Natural
Resources:
DAN GIBBS, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Colorado Parks & Wildlife:
DAN PRENZLOW, DIRECTOR
12
Colorado Parks & Wildlife
Commission
CARRIE BESNETTE HAUSER, CHAIR
CHARLES GARCIA, VICE CHAIR
LUKE SCHAFER, SECRETARY
TAISHYA ADAMS
BETSY BLECHA
MARIE HASKETT
DALLAS MAY
DUKE PHILLIPS IV
JAMES JAY TUCHTON
EDEN VARDY
KAREN MICHELLE BAILEY
COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • Wolves: Hands-on Resource Guide to Reduce Depredations
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Gray Wolf Reintroduction
Description
An account of the resource
Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Wolf resource guide: hands-on resource guide to reduce depredations
Description
An account of the resource
Intended as a useful introduction for ranchers and<br />livestock owners to implement effective strategies to<br />prevent wolf depredations.<br /><br />Includes information on the following risk-management tools:<br />Management Intensive Grazing (MIG)<br />• Livestock Guard Dogs<br />• Livestock Guarding Donkeys<br />• Carcass Management<br />• Riders and Herders<br />• Fladry/Electrified Fladry<br />• Scare Devices<br />• Managing Livestock on High-Risk Landscapes<br />• Herd Composition
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colorado Parks & Wildlife
Subject
The topic of the resource
Gray wolf
Livestock depredation
Intensive grazing
Livestock guard dog
Fladry
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
7 pages
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
[2023?]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - NON-COMMERCIAL USE PERMITTED</a>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
English
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
The original creators of the resource guide:<br /><strong>Authors</strong>: Nathan Lance, Steve Primm, Kristine Inman<br /><strong>Contributors</strong>: Brainerd Foundation, People and Carnivores, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks wolf specialists, Wildlife Conservation Society<br /><strong>Illustration</strong>: Jason Smith
Gray wolf reintroduction in Colorado