https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/7a3fccae8d828add7757f8f63c7766b0.pdf 3648c8af1eb22ce12c200424945c8aa3 PDF Text Text C O L O R A D O P A R K S & W I L D L I F E 2023-2024 Science Application Highlights CPW RESEARCH SUPPORTS MANAGEMENT AND POLICIES Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) has an in-house science program that has served the agency for over seven decades. CPW research scientists investigate high-priority information needs, and develop and refine many of the tools and practices our agency uses to conserve and manage Colorado’s fish, wildlife, and park resources for current and future generations. Below we highlight a few examples of CPW’s science activities and their application to management during the past year. Wildlife Health White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) – Current work is focused on monitoring the progression of disease in Colorado and collaborating on tools to mitigate impacts to bat populations.  Differences in bat ecology in Western systems may lead to different WNS outcomes than observed in Midwestern and Eastern regions. We are monitoring maternity sites of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) in an effort to understand the progression and impact of the disease in Colorado bat populations.  We are collaborating with the USGS National Wildlife Health Center on field trials for a white-nose syndrome vaccine. Plague – Plague research helped develop tools and techniques to improve management on the landscape.  We collaborated with Colorado State University to develop a new bait distribution device for use on ATVs to make plague management efforts more efficient and cost effective.  Systemic flea control products have potential as a new plague management tool. We are investigating the duration of efficacy and safety of these products for both target and non-target species including pollinators. Respiratory Disease in Bighorn Sheep (BHS)  Bighorn sheep sinus tumors are expansions of the upper respiratory sinus lining that contribute to chronic respiratory disease and poor herd performance in bighorn sheep. We are exploring a possible association between tumor development and presence of Pasteurella multocida in the upper respiratory sinuses. This could help to identify target populations for management interventions. Tools and Techniques – Investigation of new drug combinations, diagnostic tests, and capture tools helps to improve safety of wildlife handling and increase understanding of wildlife diseases.  We are conducting pilot work to evaluate new research technologies for wildlife including implantable biologgers and solar ear tag transmitters.  A 3D printable collar drop-off using a biodegradable polyester, polycaprolactone (PCL), is under evaluation. This material has the ability to degrade via hydrolysis in a predictable manner and can be tailored to fail within a specific time frame. If successful, this could provide low-cost collar drop-off options for wildlife collaring projects. COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 317 W. Prospect Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80526 • cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/Research �Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) – Current research is focused on updating testing strategies for CWD surveillance and assessing efficacy of management.  Patterns of CWD accumulation differ between elk and deer. We conducted work to determine preferred tissues and tests for CWD sampling in elk. Results from this work are being used to modify preferred sampling recommendations to limit the use of tonsil as a diagnostic sample for elk, even though it is a good sample for deer.  We are developing data analysis mechanisms to use CWD surveillance and harvest data to assess efficacy of management actions to reduce or limit CWD in mule deer. Mammals Research Elk Calf Recruitment – Ongoing research is addressing factors influencing declining elk calf recruitment by comparing adult female condition and calf survival from a relatively productive area in the northern part of the state to two lower productivity areas in the southern portion of the state. Data collection is scheduled to continue through 2025. Recreation Impacts – Ongoing research is focused on elk behavioral and demographic responses to human recreational activity to develop and evaluate best management practices that accommodate recreational opportunities while protecting wildlife resources. Lynx/Snowshoe Hare Research – Research investigations addressing lynx/habitat/prey associations reported (1) stable lynx populations in Colorado, (2) lynx can tolerate moderate levels of winter recreation activity, and (3) hares and lynx were minimally influenced by the bark beetle outbreak; however, red squirrels, an important alternative food source for lynx, are negatively impacted by bark beetle outbreaks. Analyses of hare responses to varied forest management practices are ongoing. Carnivore Management – We are continuing research in North Park to address wolf/prey relationships and have an ongoing project addressing cougar/mule deer interactions and evaluation of cougar/human incident levels relative to cougar density. Bobcat Population Monitoring and Demographics – We initiated bobcat research in GMU 10 (Moffat County) and GMU 22 (Rio Blanco County). The goal is to capture bobcats and deploy GPS collars. Using game cameras, we will track the movements of collared bobcats to estimate abundance. This is the first step in a long-term study to develop monitoring approaches and better understand bobcat population dynamics in Colorado. Effects of Wolf Exposure on Cattle Behavior, Stress, and Weight Gain – We are initiating a research project to quantify cattle time budgets, stress levels, and weight gain across different levels of wolf exposure in Colorado. This will provide the first empirical and mechanistic data about indirect effects of wolves on cattle in the state. Pronghorn and Mule Deer Responses to Development Activity – Working with NE Region CPW personnel and University of Montana Boone and Crockett program, we have started a pronghorn and mule deer study in NE Colorado to examine habitat use, migration and the behavioral responses to human development activities. This project is scheduled to continue for 3-5 years depending annual data collection and modeling results. �Evaluation of Drone Applications for Wildlife Monitoring – We are initiating a research project to examine the utility of using uncrewed aerial systems (UAS or drones) to survey wildlife. Initial efforts will be to examine the response of animals (deer, elk, pronghorn, moose, and bighorn sheep) to UAS approaches to determine appropriate approach distances that have minimal animal response. We will also evaluate a UAS system designed to locate animals using VHF collars. Following these evaluations we will start developing wildlife survey techniques to obtain sex/age structure and population density. Mountain Lion Population Monitoring – Mountain lion density estimation methods developed by Mammals Research are being applied in the Northwest and Southwest Regions to evaluate assumptions about extrapolated density estimates for management planning. Human Dimensions (HD) Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) – In collaboration with CPW’s Human Dimensions (HD) researchers, federal agency partners launched the Human Dimensions of CWD Clearinghouse (https://doi.sciencebase.gov/hd/#/chronicwasting?p=0&l=50), a searchable list of HD of CWD research, reports, best practices, policy, and other resources. The Clearinghouse is a result of CPW’s prior work with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and USGS social scientists, peer state agency staff, and a Colorado State University (CSU) graduate student to: review state agency CWD response plans for common approaches and best practices; gather insights from experts at the 2023 Pathways: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Conference; and organize HD of CWD resources to make them accessible for practitioners and researchers. Latino(a) Angler Research – CPW collaborated with Dr. Anna Lavoie (CSU faculty) and a graduate student (Arianna Basto-Eyzaguirre) to identify what drives Latino/a anglers to participate in fishing activities, what barriers get in their way to doing so, and how they negotiate these constraints to continue participating. This work, which served as BastoEyzaguirre’s master’s thesis research, will be used by CPW staff to develop education and outreach opportunities that support Latino/a anglers. Big Game Season Structure (BGSS) Over the Counter (OTC) Elk Licenses – CPW developed a survey instrument, sent to nearly 6,000 resident and non-resident elk hunters, to understand public perspectives on proposed changes to OTC elk license distribution as part of the BGSS public involvement process. In addition to the random sample of elk hunters surveyed, CPW staff released an EngageCPW webpage with a guestbook feature allowing all members of the public to submit comment on possible OTC regulation alternatives. The results of this effort were presented to the Parks and Wildlife Commission in March 2024 and used to inform final recommendations for OTC license sales, with the Commission adopting final regulatory changes in June 2024. Wolf Reintroduction – CPW HD researchers completed data collection with members of the Stakeholder Advisory Group as part of a collaborative, National Science Foundation funded study on stakeholder engagement processes conducted by CSU and CPW. A peer-reviewed manuscript of the results is under development and analysis is underway to better understand how perspectives changed throughout the engagement process, which will culminate in additional peer reviewed literature. Additionally, HD staff are working with CPW Mammal Research staff on a report of the history of wolf policy and management practices. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies & Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies - CPW plays a lead role in the WAFWA HD Committee and the AFWA Social Science Subcommittee (SSS), moving the needle on the identification of barriers that wildlife organizations face when attempting to integrate social science into decision making processes. As part of the 2023 Pathways Conference, CPW staff chaired a special session about lessons learned when integrating social science into management, policy, and practice, as well as co-chaired another organized session where �attendees learned about and apply an adaptive framework to more thoroughly integrate social science. The framework was published in a peer-reviewed paper (Niemiec et al., 2021). CPW HD staff are contributing to an AFWA SSS process to publish the results of a national survey of conservation social scientists and collaborating with AFWA’s Science and Research Committee to revamp and implement the national Science Needs and Priorities survey. Results from this effort were presented during the 2023 AFWA annual meeting. Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) research – As part of the next SCORP update, CPW’s HD staff led the development and implementation of the 2023 Land Manager Survey. The goal of this survey is to identify challenges facing land managers in Colorado and to determine where opportunities exist to share expertise and innovative solutions. Avian Research Assessing High-Priority Bird Species Interactions With Renewable Energy – We initiated new research to 1) summarize available information on the distribution of high-priority bird species in the State Wildlife Action Plan and how these distributions overlap with existing and planned renewable energy (solar and wind) development in Colorado; 2) begin collecting baseline field data to assess response of these species to renewable development; and 3) develop recommendations for minimizing any detrimental impacts observed. Burrowing Owl Population Assessment – In collaboration with Colorado State University and the USGS Cooperative Research Unit, we recently completed research to obtain updated estimates of burrowing owl occupancy and density on black-tailed prairie dog colonies across eastern Colorado. These results will be used in conservation planning efforts, and methods used in this project will inform future monitoring efforts for burrowing owls in Colorado. Habitat Management – Researchers are evaluating methods to improve success of native plant restoration projects and control invasive plants, and are examining wildlife response to habitat management efforts.  In an experimental use of the herbicide indaziflam on the Western Slope, cheatgrass was well-controlled. However, in contrast to treatments in eastern Colorado, there was evidence that indaziflam treatments did not benefit desirable native species and may hinder germination of bitterbrush, an important plant for wildlife. Managers should use indaziflam judiciously to control cheatgrass around shrub-dominated habitats in western Colorado.  New experimental research is being conducted by CPW and Colorado State University to understand the effects of weeds, rodents, and insects, and methods to reduce these effects, on establishment from seeding of bitterbrush and mountain mohagany at sites throughout Colorado.  Ongoing research at Tamarack State Wildlife Area in northeastern Colorado is evaluating how bobwhite quail repond to reduction of cheatgrass using indaziflam treatments. Preliminary results indicate that herbicide treatments were successful in reducing cheatgrass coverage, and data on bobwhite habitat use and survival in treated and untreated areas is continuing. Wildlife Spatial Ecology – CPW’s spatial ecologist collaborated with CPW researchers, managers, and external partners on several high-priority projects:  First-generation ungulate migration corridor maps were developed and will be incorporated into Colorado’s Statewide Habitat Conservation and Connectivity Plan.  Support was provided for a graduate student project focused on measuring and mapping seasonal home ranges and habitat use by bald eagles along the northern Front Range urban corridor. �   A sampling scheme was developed for conducting surveys for pinyon jays and associated nesting colonies in Colorado. The survey methodology and results will be presented to the multi-state working pinyon jay group to help coordinate future rangewide survey efforts. Seasonal resource selection function models are being developed for Coulmbian sharp-tailed grouse across their range in Colorado, to help inform future habitat conservation efforts. New work is beginning to use GPS telemetry locations of greater sage-grouse in northwestern Colorado to examine long-distance movements and connectivity of leks and subpopulations. Variation in Greater Sage-grouse Lek Counts – We initiated new research in collaboration with the USGS Cooperative Research Unit to investigate how male greater sage-grouse survival, detectability, and movements affect variation in standardized lek counts used to monitor sage-grouse populations. Results will assist managers in interpreting monitoring results, and can be used to improve monitoring protocols. Breeding Duck Management in North Park – Researchers from CPW and Colorado State University collaborated on a project to estimate aquatic invertebrate availability in different wetland habitat types in North Park, and how wetland use by breeding ducks and duck broods corresponds to patterns of availability of invertebrate food resources. Results inform managers on the relative value of different wetland habitats during different duck life cycle events, and this research was recently published. Aquatic Research Angler Harvest Incentives –Harvest incentive programs are fishing tournaments designed to maximize the removal of non-native fish. The control of overabundant or detrimental sport fish is sometimes needed to meet management objectives related to balancing predator and prey populations or protecting native species in sensitive locations. In some locations, CPW has been sponsoring fishing tournaments that offer cash prizes to anglers who participate in harvesting the target fish species. One example is Blue Mesa Reservoir, where periodic tournaments are held to control the number of small lake trout in the reservoir to reduce predation on and maintain the kokanee salmon population. These programs involve anglers directly in management and facilitate education and outreach. Aquatic researchers collect data during these tournaments to inform appropriate harvest levels and help facilitate program success. These results will help guide future incentive programs using tournaments to achieve management goals while simultaneously providing education and outreach to our angling community. Stream Habitat – The Upper Arkansas River Natural Resource Damage project is a stream habitat improvement effort designed to remediate damage caused by historical mining in the drainage. Post-construction performance of instream structures was evaluated by CPW’s stream habitat research scientists. Results suggest that some structures were more prone to failure, with higher rankings observed for boulder toe, log vanes, log toe, and boulder vanes. Pool depths increased during construction, decreased following the first runoff, and then remained relatively stable in subsequent years. These results suggest that the lifespan of structures depends on the adequacy of the engineering design and the magnitude of flows that occur following construction. Understanding the performance of instream structures from this study will help inform the design, evaluation, and expectations for future stream restoration projects. �Temperature Tolerances – The thermal tolerances of native flannelmouth sucker larvae were evaluated in the first controlled laboratory experiment of its kind with this species. The results establish the species’ temperature profile, describing the optimal temperature range, and upper and lower acquired tolerance zones. The study also demonstrated that acclimation temperatures strongly influence the survival and upper and lower temperature ranges of larval fannelmouth suckers. It additionally demonstrated that these larval fish acclimate better to warmer than cold temperatures and that increased density reduces their acclimation ability. This work provides important information for future management of the species, particularly with the prospect of increasing temperatures and drought conditions brought on by climate change. Triploid Sterile Walleye – CPW’s hatchery system has been producing sterile walleye for stocking into select reservoirs where natural reproduction is not wanted, but providing a new predatory sport fishing opportunity for anglers is desired. A series of projects conducted by the Aquatic Research Section over the past five years have informed how well sterile walleye grow and survive after being stocked and have helped develop best stocking practices. Smelt Predation – An evaluation of the predation of walleye larvae by rainbow smelt was conducted in Horsetooth Reservoir, near Fort Collins, Colorado. High numbers of smelt, which are typically preyed upon by walleye, often lead to declines in walleye recruitment. The cause of this unusual relationship has been partially explained by the results of this study, in which stomach samples were tested using DNA analysis. This study is the first of its kind to demonstrate that rainbow smelt do indeed prey on large numbers of walleye larvae. These results have implications related to the management of walleye fisheries where rainbow smelt are present. � https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/9ac273f9dcf4a6396239cacbd482cb31.pdf c4919096856d70a4bf97c785c56b9b2f PDF Text Text C O L O R A D O P A R K S & W I L D L I F E 2022-2023 Science Application Highlights CPW RESEARCH SUPPORTS MANAGEMENT AND POLICIES Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) has an in-house science program that has served the agency for over seven decades. CPW research scientists investigate high-priority information needs, and develop and refine many of the tools and practices our agency uses to conserve and manage Colorado’s fish, wildlife, and park resources for current and future generations. Below we highlight a few examples of CPW’s science activities and their application to management during the past year. Wildlife Health Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) – Current research is focused on broadening our understanding of shedding patterns and updating testing strategies for CWD surveillance.  Patterns of CWD accumulation differ between elk and deer: We initiated a study to determine preferred tissues and tests for CWD sampling in elk. Results will be used to assess accuracy of prevalence estimates in elk using only one test and tissue type.  CWD shedding: Timing and duration of CWD shedding may influence disease dynamics and parameters used for modeling management applications. We participated in a large collaborative study to assess timing and duration of CWD shedding in elk, mule deer, and white tailed deer held in captivity. Plague – Plague research helped develop tools and techniques to improve its management on the landscape.  Dose matters: Recent studies revealed that the original plague vaccine dose yields insufficient “herd immunity” in black-tailed prairie dogs to be protective for black-footed ferrets as a standalone tool.  Vaccine modification improves response: A simple and economical modification to the vaccine preparation tripled immune responses in Gunnison’s prairie dogs.  A new insecticide duster, designed for use on ATV’s makes plague management efforts more precise, efficient and cost effective.  Systemic flea control products have potential as a new plague management tool. We are investigating the duration of efficacy and safety of these products for both target and non-target species. Respiratory Disease in Bighorn Sheep (BHS)  New diagnostics improve understanding: We developed next generation sequencing capabilities to help assess the role of different respiratory pathogens in bighorn sheep population performance.  Causative agent of BHS sinus tumors: Bighorn sheep sinus tumors are expansions of the upper respiratory sinus lining that contribute to chronic respiratory disease and poor herd performance in bighorn sheep. We are exploring a possible association between tumor development and presence of Pasteurella multocida in the upper respiratory sinuses. This could help to identify target populations for management interventions. COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 317 W. Prospect Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80526 • cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/Research �Tools and Techniques – Investigation of new drug combinations, diagnostic tests, and capture tools helps to improve safety of wildlife handling and increase understanding of wildlife diseases.  Metabolomics: Understanding the nutritional status of wild ungulates provides valuable information on underlying population performance, habitat quality, and population resilience in the face of other environmental factors. We are conducting pilot work to measure substrates or products of metabolism in serum samples to assess the nutritional status of bighorn sheep.  Naturally degrading collar drop-offs: A 3D printable collar drop-off using a biodegradable polyester, polycaprolactone (PCL), is under evaluation. This material has the ability to degrade via hydrolysis in a predictable manner and can be tailored to fail within a specific time frame depending on the thickness of the material. If successful, this could provide low-cost collar drop-off options for wildlife collaring projects. Mammals Research Elk Calf Recruitment – Ongoing research is addressing factors influencing declining elk calf recruitment by comparing adult female condition and calf survival from a relatively productive area in the northern part of the state to two lower productivity areas in the southern portion of the state. Data collection is scheduled to continue through 2025. Recreation Impacts – Ongoing research is focused on elk behavioral and demographic responses to human recreational activity to develop and evaluate best management practices that accommodate recreational opportunities while protecting wildlife resources. A Spatial Planning Tool for Energy Development on Mule Deer Winter Range – We applied previous research results addressing mule deer/energy development interactions to develop a spatial planning tool to inform future energy development on winter range. This tool will be applied to guide development planning in the Piceance Basin mule deer winter range and evaluated for application to other Pinyon-Juniper winter ranges. Lynx/Snowshoe Hare Research – Research investigations addressing lynx/habitat/prey associations reported (1) stable lynx populations in Colorado, (2) lynx can tolerate moderate levels of winter recreation activity, and (3) hares and lynx were minimally influenced by the bark beetle outbreak; however, red squirrels, an important alternative food source for lynx, are negatively impacted by bark beetle outbreaks. Analyses of hare responses to varied forest management practices are ongoing. Carnivore Management – We are continuing research in North Park to address wolf/prey relationships and have an ongoing project addressing cougar/mule deer interactions and evaluation of cougar/human incident levels relative to cougar density. Bobcat Population Monitoring and Demographics – We initiated a pilot bobcat study in GMU 10 (Moffat County) and GMU 22 (Rio Blanco County). The goal is to capture bobcats and deploy GPS collars. Using game cameras, we will track the movements of collared bobcats to estimate abundance. This is the first step in a long-term study to develop monitoring approaches and better understand bobcat population dynamics in Colorado. �Effects of Wolf Exposure on Cattle Behavior, Stress, and Weight Gain – We are initiating a research project to quantify cattle time budgets, stress levels, and weight gain across different levels of wolf exposure in Colorado. This will provide the first empirical and mechanistic data about indirect effects of wolves on cattle in the state. Mountain Lion Population Monitoring – Mountain lion density estimation methods developed by Mammals Research are being applied in the Northwest and Southwest Regions to evaluate assumptions about extrapolated density estimates for management planning. Human Dimensions (HD) Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) – CPW’s Human Dimensions Specialist (HDS) led the development, implementation, and analysis of a CWD survey targeting landowners in northeastern Colorado. The survey sought to identify why landowners do (or do not) provide hunting access on their property, to determine how aware they are of CWD, and what concerns they have about the disease. Because this inquiry was part of a multi-pronged approach led by other CPW staff – additional efforts included focus groups and one-to-one interviews/videos with landowners – results will be used to improve communication efforts with landowners as well as CWD management in this part of the state. The survey results were synthesized as part of CPW’s technical report series (https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Research/SocialScience/Linking-Hunting-Access-and-CWD.pdf). This survey was funded by a USDA Animal and Plant Inspection Service (APHIS) grant and was obtained by CPW staff members Matt Eckert (Terrestrial Section Statewide Programs Supervisor) and Mike Miller (State Wildlife Veterinarian). Recently, CPW’s HDS partnered with a social scientist from the USGS and a graduate student from CSU to examine state wildlife agencies’ CWD response plans. Results from this effort will be used to identify similarities across agencies’ plans and to make recommendations about opportunities for HD or social science research to inform and evaluate them. Additionally, CPW’s HDS also co-chaired an organized special session at the 2023 Pathways: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Conference about CWD, specifically sharing insights about a collaborative project he is helping to lead with other state (Pennsylvania) and federal agency (USFWS, USGS) social scientists to develop a HD of CWD clearinghouse. Latino(a) Angler Research – CPW’s HDS collaborated with Dr. Anna Lavoie (CSU faculty) and a graduate student (Arianna Basto-Eyzaguirre) to identify what drives Latino/a anglers to participate in fishing activities, what barriers get in their way to doing so, and how they negotiate these constraints to continue participating. This work, which served as Arianna’s Master’s thesis research, will be used by CPW staff to develop education and outreach opportunities that support Latino/a anglers. Big Game Attitude Survey (BGAS) – CPW staff developed a survey instrument mailed to nearly 6,000 resident and nonresident hunters to understand their perspectives about CPW’s big game license distribution system and season structure. The BGAS was implemented at the same time CPW staff conducted focus groups with hunters. The findings from both efforts helped inform changes to CPWs license distribution efforts. Specifically, findings from the BGAS were shared with the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission and were summarized in a peer-reviewed report published as part of CPWs technical report series (https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Research/SocialScience/CPW-Big-GameLicense-Report.pdf). Wolf Reintroduction – The National Science Foundation awarded a grant to Colorado State University (CSU) and CPW to study the stakeholder engagement process for wolf reintroduction. As part of this research, CPWs HDS served on a graduate committee for Mireille Gonzalez who received her Ph.D. in May 2023. One of Dr. Gonzalez’ dissertation chapters summarizes finds from this research and the team is currently drafting several peer-reviewed publications highlighting nuances in the stakeholder engagement process and perceived social outcomes from it. �Additionally, CPW’s HDS and CSU colleagues started a new research project in 2023 to examine how various media sources discussed wolf reintroduction and corresponding processes during the same timeframe as the stakeholder engagement process as well as after the restoration and management plan was drafted/approved. Eagle County Community Survey – To inform land use planning decisions in Eagle County, CPW collaborated with the Eagle County Community Wildlife Roundtable and CSU graduate students to survey county residents about their attitudes toward wildlife, outdoor recreation, and development. Residents were surveyed in 2021 and results were summarized as part of a peer-reviewed technical report (https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Research/SocialScience/22-CPW-TechReport-60-Conservation-Intersection-Eagle-MRQ.pdf) and shared with decision makers during the April 2023 Mayor and Managers meeting in Eagle County, Colorado. Results were also published in the Vail Daily, an outlet used by residents across the county to learn about the nexus between wildlife, recreation, and development. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies & Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies - As part of his role as Chair of both the WAFWA HD Committee and AFWA Social Science Subcommittee (SSS), CPW’s HDS has continued to move the needle on the identification of barriers that wildlife organizations face when attempting to integrate social science into decision making processes. As part of the 2023 Pathways Conference, the HDS is chairing an organized special session about lessons learned when integrating social science into management, policy, and practice. He is also co-chairing another organized session where attendees learned about and apply an adaptive framework to more thoroughly integrate social science. The framework was published in a peer-reviewed paper (Niemiec et al., 2021) to which the HDS was a co-author. Additionally, the AFWA SSS is in the process of summarizing results from a national survey of conservation social scientists in a peer-reviewed journal article, which CPW’s HDS is leading (to be submitted in 2023). Lastly, the HDS collaborated with AFWA’s Science and Research Committee to revamp and implement the national Science Needs and Priorities survey. Results from this effort will be presented during the 2023 AFWA annual meeting. Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) research – As part of the next SCORP update, CPW’s HDS led the development and implementation of the 2023 Land Manager Survey. The goal of this survey is to identify challenges facing land managers in Colorado and to determine where opportunities exist to share expertise and innovative solutions. Capturing the perspectives of land managers and resource professionals will help increase understanding of the complex social-ecological system of land use and management throughout the state and inform future land management efforts. Avian Research Brewer’s Sparrow Distribution and Taxonomy – Brewer’s sparrow is a Tier 2 Species of Greatest Conservation Need in the State Wildlife Action Plan. Ongoing research has confirmed the species has a much broader breeding range in Colorado than previously known, including widespread presence in alpine habitats. The subspecies identity of alpine Brewer’s sparrows is being determined using behavioral, song, morphological, and genetic data. Bald Eagle Demography and Space Use – The bald eagle is a Tier 2 Species of Greatest Conservation Need in Colorado’s State Wildlife Action Plan, and is a high-profile, charismatic species that often occurs in close proximity to human-dominated habitats. CPW is conducting ongoing research to determine demographics (breeding population size and trend, nesting effort, productivity) and space use (breeding and nonbreeding home range and movements, habitat use) in relation to land use and human disturbance, of bald eagles breeding along the northern Front Range in northcentral Colorado. Results of this project will be used to guide recommendations to minimize and mitigate impact to eagles in this rapidly developing landscape. �Seed Mix App for Habitat Projects – Land managers within and outside CPW put considerable effort into planning seed mixes for various habitat Photo: Miranda projects. The process can be time-consuming, as potential species must be Middleton evaluated with respect to their adaptation to the particular site, suitability for management goals, cost, and other factors. CPW research and field staff have been collaborating to produce a mobile application to help managers with this process. Drawing information from CPW habitat research, practitioner knowledge, scientific literature, and existing web sources, the mobile app produces a menu of plant species and varieties designed for a user’s particular site and management goals. The project was funded by a collaboration between Avian Research, the Habitat Partnership Program, and the Northwest region. A beta version of the app will be available in summer 2023. Burrowing Owl Status Assessment – Burrowing owls are currently listed as a state threatened species in Colorado and are designated as a Tier 1 Species of Greatest Conservation Need in Colorado’s State Wildlife Action Plan. CPW, in collaboration with Colorado State University and the USGS Cooperative Research Unit, is conducting an updated assessment of burrowing owl occupancy, density, and productivity on black-tailed prairie dog colonies across eastern Colorado. This project is also testing field monitoring methods for this species (distance sampling, double observer surveys) and examining relationships between owl occupancy and abundance and characteristics of prairie dog colonies, to inform future monitoring efforts for burrowing owls in Colorado. Estimates and Determinants of Breeding Duck Populations in North Park – North Park is a historically important area for breeding ducks in Colorado, and CPW, along with numerous partners, has invested substantial resources toward wetland habitat conservation to help support duck populations in this landscape. CPW is conducting ongoing, long-term research to estimate annual breeding populations, local production, survival and harvest rates, and harvest distribution of ducks captured in North Park during the breeding season, in relation to annual variation in habitat conditions across North Park. In addition, CPW is collaborating with Colorado State University to examine duck nest distribution and success in relation to habitat characteristics, and aquatic invertebrate abundance and diversity in relation to wetland habitat types. Results of this research will be used to evaluate wetland conservation efforts, and help target future conservation projects to address key factors that limit breeding duck populations in North Park. Aquatic Research Fish Disease – Whirling disease has become established in most major river drainages throughout the state, and is extremely difficult to eradicate. A previous study showed that it was possible to break the two-host life cycle of the parasite in a stream by making it fishless, although this had never been attempted in a lake. Biologists spent several summers removing fish from Lower Squaretop Lake on Guenella Pass. After determining that the lake was fishless, rainbow trout were held in cages in the lake for 30 days to allow exposure to the parasite, and then taken to a research lab in Fort Collins where they were held for about six months to allow development of the parasite for detection in the fish, if present. In 2022, all of the caged fish were whirling disease negative, suggesting the parasite was no longer in the lake. Lower Squaretop Lake will be stocked with greenback cutthroat trout within the next year. Biologists continue to use this method of making reclamation streams fishless and using caged fish to test for the absence of the parasite prior to restocking with conservation populations of cutthroat trout. Native Suckers – Bluehead and Flannelmouth sucker populations, native to rivers and streams on the Western Slope below 8,000 ft, have declined across their range. Declines are attributed in part to the proliferation of non-native sucker species, which often replace or hybridize with native suckers. Native and non-native suckers migrate into tributaries to spawn, and we looked at differences in spawning behavior between the two groups in the Gunnison River. We found that in an intermittent tributary (one that flows during spring runoff only, when suckers spawn) larval suckers produced had a �significantly increasing probability of being genetically pure natives the farther from the stream’s mouth they were collected. These findings suggest that native suckers need access to longer intermittent creeks to preserve a genetically pure, native component of the population. Temperature tolerance – Streams used by Bluehead suckers Catostomus discobolus experience variable water temperatures of high and low extremes and extreme rates of change. Acute and chronic laboratory temperature tests are typically used to develop protective thermal criteria for native fish, but these methods do not allow for testing the lethality of temperature interactions with other stressors. For instance, fish density and temperature interactions are likely to occur during low flow periods with high densities of fish stranded in a stagnant pool; but standard thermal tests only include one fish. Thus, we investigated how the interaction of fish density and temperature influence the upper and lower temperatures Bluehead Sucker larvae can tolerate. The tolerant temperature range for the larvae at an acclimation temperature of 18°C was 7.2 + 1.6°C to 32.1 + 2.4°C. However, when the density of fish was high (n = 25) the upper temperature limit significantly decreased by 5.9°C, indicating higher densities of fish negatively affect the tolerance of the fish to an increased temperature. These results indicate density and temperature interactions should be considered when developing protective temperature criteria instead of using single fish in laboratory tests. Tiger Trout – Hybrid predators like tiger trout (cross between brook trout and brown trout) are sterile (cannot reproduce naturally) and often stocked to control undesirable or overabundant prey fish species that compete with other valuable sport fish such as rainbow trout and cutthroat trout. Over the lifespan of tiger trout, they also provide unique fishing opportunities and have the potential to grow to trophy sizes. New published research examining the growth of juvenile tiger trout stocked into a suite of subalpine lakes for biocontrol and to enhance recreational angling provides guidance to managers on best stocking practices. Informed stocking translates into the efficient use of tiger trout produced by CPW’s hatchery system, a greater chance of meeting desired outcomes from the onset of stocking, and more rapid development of unique, quality fishing opportunities for anglers. Aquatic Toxicology – Acid mine runoff can have lasting and devastating effects on aquatic invertebrates and fish populations. An intensive nine-year study to evaluate acid mine drainage cleanup the North Fork of Clear Creek was completed. The study results were published, describing the population-level effects on benthic macroinvertebrates before and after mine remediation (water diversion and treatment). The study found that very positive responses to these populations can be achieved by water treatment, but that lingering effects of pollutants persist downstream due to uncontained sources of metals, indicating that further remediation will be necessary to return the stream to pre-mining conditions. � https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/1500ff5c4afb842c57c280b76e5255b2.pdf 2598543435c364e94e700abacd36b204 PDF Text Text C O L O R A D O P A R K S & W I L D L I F E 2021-2022 Science Application Highlights CPW RESEARCH SUPPORTS MANAGEMENT AND POLICIES Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) has an in-house science program that has served the agency for over seven decades. CPW research scientists investigate high-priority information needs, and develop and refine many of the tools and practices our agency uses to conserve and manage Colorado’s fish, wildlife, and park resources for current and future generations. Below we highlight a few examples of CPW’s science activities and their application to management during the past year. Human Dimensions (HD) Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) – CPW’s Human Dimensions Specialist (HDS) led the development, implementation, and analysis of a CWD survey targeting landowners in northeastern Colorado. The survey sought to identify why landowners do (or do not) provide hunting access on their property, to determine how aware they are of CWD, and what concerns they have about the disease. Because this inquiry was part of a multi-pronged approach led by other CPW staff – additional efforts included focus groups and one-to-one interviews/videos with landowners – results will be used to improve communication efforts with landowners as well as CWD management in this part of the state. The survey results are currently being synthesized in a technical report. This survey was funded by a USDA Animal and Plant Inspection Service (APHIS) grant and was obtained by CPW staff members Matt Eckert (Terrestrial Section Statewide Programs Supervisor) and Mike Miller (State Wildlife Veterinarian). CPW’s HDS also participated in multiple workshops with scientists across North America (hosted by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological Survey social scientists) to identify ways to address the social and biological challenges associated with managing CWD, and chaired two sessions at the 2022 Pathways: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Conference about CWD, sharing insights gleaned from Colorado-based efforts. Big Game Attitude Survey (BGAS) – CPW staff developed a survey instrument mailed to nearly 6,000 resident and nonresident hunters to understand their perspectives about CPW’s big game license distribution system and season structure. The BGAS was implemented at the same time CPW staff conducted focus groups with hunters. The findings from both efforts will help inform which, if any, changes to make to the distribution of limited big game licenses. Wolf Reintroduction – The National Science Foundation awarded a grant to Colorado State University (CSU) and CPW to study the stakeholder engagement process for wolf reintroduction, with study completion anticipated in spring 2023. Additionally, CPW staff including the HDS co-authored a peer-reviewed manuscript about the importance of incorporating social science into conservation planning using wolf reintroduction as a case study. As a result of this article, authors were asked to meet with staff from multiple federal conservation agencies to discuss the framework and identify ways to more effectively incorporate social science into different public involvement and planning efforts. Eagle County Community Survey – To inform land use planning decisions in Eagle County, CPW collaborated with the Eagle County Community Wildlife Roundtable and CSU graduate students to survey county residents about their attitudes toward wildlife, outdoor recreation, and development. Residents were provided with mail, online, and telephone survey opportunities. Results were synthesized as part of CPW’s technical report series (in press) and will be shared with towns and stakeholders in Eagle County. Additionally, results will be shared with the public and used by the Roundtable to develop tools, communication and outreach strategies for decision makers. COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 317 W. Prospect Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80526 • cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/Research �Aquatic Research Fish Disease – We evaluated the use of non-lethal sampling techniques for the detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the cause of Bacterial Kidney Disease. The study found that mucus swabs may be a viable non-lethal test for the pathogen in some situations. This has the potential to easily conduct disease screening of valuable stocks of fish without requiring the fish to be killed. Native Suckers – We used Passive Integrated Transponder arrays to detect federally listed endangered Razorback Suckers from eleven different years of stocking events, representing eight year-classes of this species. While contemporary sampling information has suggested this species primarily occupies mainstem rivers, this new information validates historical reports from farmers and ranchers of the presence of this species in smaller, intermittent tributaries, and provides evidence of the importance of protecting these habitats for their long-term survival. Habitat for Juvenile Fish – We examined the habitat associations of rainbow trout and brown trout fry in the upper Colorado River, specifically evaluating factors such as velocity, depth, width of fry site, pebble size, temperature, presence of wood, and dissolved oxygen on the abundance of each species. The information provided will help plan habitat restoration activities that include fry-specific habitat improvements, with potential opportunities for singlespecies and multi-species management. Our hope is that the results provided will be especially useful for upcoming planned restoration activities in the upper Colorado River. Sterile Walleye – Stocking sterile (triploid) walleye is of great use in Western Slope reservoirs where these fish provide sportfishing opportunities, but where we want to protect native Western Slope fish species and do not want natural reproduction of walleye to occur. Our work has revealed an unexpected benefit of using these triploid walleye, which is that their mercury content is lower than that of normal diploid fish. This is likely because the triploid walleye require less food intake to reach harvestable size, and therefore bioaccumulate less mercury in the process. Habitat Restoration – After more than a century of pollution and disturbance associated with historical mining, land use, and water development, an 11-mile stream restoration project was implemented within the upper Arkansas River headwaters near Leadville. CPW designed and implemented the restoration project for lands with public fishing access, and conducted fish population monitoring throughout the headwaters to evaluate project effectiveness. Brown Trout biomass increased by 21% at restoration sites, compared to 12% at control sites. Increased density (10%) and fish condition (2.4%) were observed across all sites. These results demonstrate that Brown Trout populations within the upper Arkansas River have continued to improve following large-scale water quality remediation and stream restoration efforts. �Avian Research Gunnison Sage-grouse Conservation – Recent CPW analyses and publications quantified seasonal habitat selection by Gunnison sage-grouse in small, isolated populations, and survival of grouse translocated from the Gunnison Basin to small populations. These results are being used to inform the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s recovery strategies for this federally Threatened species. Greater Sage-grouse Conservation – Recently published research examined seasonal habitat use of female greater sagegrouse in the Parachute-Piceance-Roan population, in response to changing oil and gas development infrastructure during 2006-2014. After accounting for landcover and topography, breeding and wintering females selected locations with less disturbed, reclaimed, and total anthropogenic surface. Breeding females selected locations farther from high-activity well pads and facilities. In contrast, females selected localities with low to intermediate values of disturbed and reclaimed surface and locations closer to pipelines and roads in summer and fall. Results were used to make recommendations on the density of energy infrastructure and roads, and timing restrictions on development activities, to minimize impacts to sage-grouse. Raptor Monitoring – CPW is conducting research to compare different approached to monitoring breeding populations of golden eagles and other high-priority raptors at a statewide or regional scale. Methods being tested include aerial nest surveys using double-observer or distance sampling methods, ground-based sampling approaches to detecting nests, and using citizen-science sources (e,g,, eBird) to estimate breeding populations. We are also implementing improved groundbased monitoring protocols for estimating breeding success and productivity of raptors. We will compare the estimates produced by the different methods, and their costs and benefits, to make recommendations to managers for future, statewide raptor monitoring programs. This project is expected to continue through 2024. Habitat Restoration – Roughened soil surfaces have long been used to create microsites of higher soil moisture and to aid plant establishment in arid environments. CPW research has indicated that seeding native plants over a roughened surface can aid in cheatgrass control. As a result of this research, CPW designed and built a new type of seeder, dubbed the pothole seeder, to allow economical preparation of a roughened soil surface, and to drop seed over it in a single pass. CPW established pothole seeder treatments at 4 demonstration areas in western Colorado during 2018-2020. Potholes allowed seeded grasses to establish at 3 of the 4 sites, despite harsh drought conditions. We will continue to monitor plant establishment at these sites, and are working with partners to use the pothole seeder at other habitat restoration sites. Photo: Miranda Middleton Duck Hunter Management – Recently published research examined how duck hunter activity, success, and satisfaction differed between State Wildlife Areas (SWAs) with hunter access restrictions (e.g., reservations required, limited days and hunting hours) and SWAs without these restrictions along the South Platte River corridor in northeastern Colorado. Access restrictions reduced available hunting days and hunter activity by about half, compared to when restrictions were not in place. Access restrictions improved chances of a hunting party successfully harvesting ≥1 duck in 5 of 6 hunting seasons, but increased the number of ducks harvested by hunters in successful parties in only 1 hunting season. Restrictions did not have a direct effect on hunting parties’ satisfaction with a day’s hunt. SWA habitat conditions and month of the hunting season affected hunter success, and uncontrolled factors, including weather and use of equipment by hunters, had important influences on hunter success, harvest, and satisfaction. These results will inform CPW managers as they decide where and how to manage waterfowl hunter access on SWAs. �Mammals Research Moose Management – Data collection to address cost effective approaches for moose management has recently been completed resulting in three publications, the most recent addressing calf:cow ratio in relation to willow and other habitat characteristics. Final analyses will evaluate moose space-use, moose productivity, and cow moose survival. Elk Calf Recruitment – Ongoing research is addressing factors influencing declining elk calf recruitment by comparing adult female condition and calf survival from a relatively productive area in the northern part of the state to two lower productivity areas in the southern portion of the state. Data collection is scheduled to continue through 2026. Recreation Impacts – Ongoing research is focused on elk behavioral and demographic responses to human recreational activity to develop and evaluate best management practices that accommodate recreational opportunities while protecting wildlife resources. Vegetation and Mule Deer Responses to Habitat Treatments Using Rollerchopping, Chaining and Mulching – We assessed plants 1, 2, 5, and 6 years post-treatment, and mule deer response via GPS locations 3-8 years post-treatment. We observed positive vegetation and mule deer responses to habitat treatments from all 3 treatment methods, with the highest desirable shrub (i.e., bitter brush) responses from rollerchopped plots. Deer detections appear related to a combination of relative hiding cover, resulting from residual woody debris, and winter forage availability. Rollerchopped and chained plots appeared to provide the best combination of mule deer cover and winter forage, but mastication, applied leaving dispersed security cover, may be a viable option where invasive species concerns exist. Pine Marten Research – A short-term research project resulted in the first density estimates of pine marten in Colorado. Data collection occurred near Steamboat Springs and Creede where densities were estimated to be relatively high and low, respectively. Lynx/Snowshoe Hare Research – Research investigations addressing lynx/habitat/prey associations reported (1) stable lynx populations in Colorado, (2) lynx can tolerate moderate levels of winter recreation activity, and (3) hares and lynx were minimally influenced by the bark beetle outbreak. Analyses of hare responses to varied forest management practices are pending. Carnivore Management – We initiated a pilot project in North Park to address wolf/prey relationships and have an ongoing project addressing cougar/mule deer interactions and evaluation of cougar/human incident levels relative to cougar density. Mountain Lion Population Monitoring – Mountain lion density estimation methods developed by Mammals Research are being applied in the Northwest and Southwest Regions to evaluate assumptions about extrapolated density estimates for management planning. �Wildlife Health Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) - Research focused on broadening our understanding about the limits of CWD’s host range, herd monitoring data interpretation, and factors that may be influencing epidemic behavior in infected mule deer herds.  Mountain lions resisted exposure to CWD prions despite consuming portions of well over 400 infected deer and elk carcasses in captivity over a nearly 18-year period. Passage through a mountain lion’s digestive tract reduced the original amount of ingested CWD prions by over 95%.  Boulder’s Table Mesa mule deer herd appears to be holding its own despite carrying a heavy CWD burden since at least 2005, although older aged bucks and does have become scarce. A genetic rescue for this herd does not seem likely, but mountain lion predation may be helping keep CWD in check.  A new analysis of data from past field studies showed how monitoring CWD prevalence (the percent of sampled animals infected) in mule deer can also help in tracking the annual rate of new infections (incidence). Plague – Plague research helped develop tools and techniques to improve its management on the landscape.  Dose matters: Recent studies revealed that the original plague vaccine dose yields insufficient “herd immunity” in black-tailed prairie dogs to be protective for black-footed ferrets.  Vaccine modification improves response: A simple and economical modification to the vaccine preparation tripled immune responses in Gunnison’s prairie dogs.  A new insecticide duster, designed for use on ATV’s makes plague management efforts more precise and efficient. Tools and Techniques – Investigation of new drug combinations, diagnostic tests, and capture tools helps to improve safety of wildlife handling and increase understanding of wildlife diseases.  New diagnostics improve understanding: Next generation sequencing capabilities help assess the role of different respiratory pathogens in bighorn sheep population performance.  Metabolomics: New research is underway to use measured metabolites from blood samples to assess the nutritional status of bighorn sheep.  Transmissible oral vaccines for bighorn sheep: We continued long-term work to identify and assess new vaccine formulations for respiratory disease in bighorn sheep. Powdered oral vaccines designed to self-transmit among animals are currently under evaluation at the foothills wildlife research facility. � https://cpw.cvlcollections.org/files/original/028e10287ac98eb19fe03cd68f616aca.pdf f0536fce5f416f085b064e183678e0d4 PDF Text Text C O L O R A D O P A R K S & W I L D L I F E 2020-2021 Science Applications Highlights CPW RESEARCH SUPPORTS MANAGEMENT AND POLICIES Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) has an in-house science program that has served the agency for over seven decades. CPW research scientists investigate high-priority information needs, and develop and refine many of the tools and practices our agency uses to conserve and manage Colorado’s fish, wildlife, and park resources for current and future generations. Below we highlight a few examples of CPW’s science activities and their application to management during the past year. Aquatic Research Aquatic Toxicology – Work this year spearheaded by CPW’s Aquatic Toxicology Lab identified significant increases in benthic algae and macroinvertebrate production where a mine drainage treatment plant was installed. As federal and state entities continue to rank and clean up abandoned mines, CPW could see marked improvement in angler opportunities and fish production as streams once void of life are seeing a return of fish. This work scientifically verified the benefits of such actions. Fish Passage – Evaluations on the Cache la Poudre River were conducted for nine different species. Passage success of these species were evaluated and hydraulic conditions within the fishway were measured over a range of flows. Results from study contribute to our understanding of nature-like fishway performance to help guide design features of these structures in the future. Aquatic Invertebrates – CPW Aquatic Research scientists have developed sampling methods to more efficiently calculate the density of Pteronarcys californica. These Giant Salmonflies are an important food source for fish, but have been declining in Photo: Kevin Rogers abundance and range in many river systems. Traditional benthic sampling can be labor intensive, expensive, and often fails to identify species that exist in low numbers. Our new technique to count exoskeletons shed by emergent salmonflies can more effectively and accurately estimate abundance of this species, particularly when it occurs in low densities. Bacterial Kidney Disease – An experiment validated the use of erythromycin injections in brood fish to control Bacterial Kidney Disease. This pathogen is vertically transmitted in eggs from parents to offspring, so is particularly difficult to eliminate. The treatment in this experiment was effective at reducing bacterial loads to below detectable levels in brood fish. While the bacteria were not completely eliminated, the treatment provides a management alternative to control the bacteria in some situations. Native Species Protection – We evaluated the use of a temporary picket-weir to prevent non-native white and longnose suckers from spawning in Cottonwood Creek, a tributary of Roubideau Creek in the Gunnison River drainage. These are important spawning areas for native flannelmouth and bluehead suckers, where competition and hybridization with nonnative suckers threatens their populations. The technique shows promise for reducing spawning success of non-native species. COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 317 W. Prospect Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80526 • cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/Research �Avian Research Gunnison Sage-grouse – Results from CPW research on captive-breeding methods, seasonal habitat selection in different populations, and survival of translocated grouse are being used to inform the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s recovery strategies for this federally Threatened species. Greater Sage-grouse – CPW researchers developed and published an improved method for attaching transmitters to greater sage-grouse. The method resulted in fewer abrasions and other detrimental impacts, and the method can be easily used in studies where transmitters are used to track sage-grouse. Raptor Monitoring – CPW maintains a statewide database of raptor nest locations. This information is used for local land use consultations, but managers are interested in assessing raptor populations at a regional or statewide scale. CPW research scientists used the nest database to produce statewide breeding distribution models for high-priority raptor species, conducted preliminary nest survival analyses, and made recommendations on revised nest monitoring protocols to enable more rigorous population monitoring information. Field staff implemented the revised monitoring protocols in 2020, with further refinements in 2021. Habitat Restoration – In the face of increased fire frequency and invasion by undesirable, competing plant species, managers face substantial Photo: Miranda Middleton challenges in reestablishing native shrubs like bitterbrush that are important for wildlife. Working directly with State Wildlife Area managers, we initiated a study to experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of herbicides and methods to reduce seed loss to predators (ants, rodents) on reestablishing bitterbrush. Results of this study (which will continue through 2024) will help guide future native shrub restoration practices. Playa Buffers – Buffer strips of vegetation are commonly planted around playa wetlands in agricultural areas to reduce sediment from filling playa basins, but wildlife use of playas with buffer vegetation has not been well-studied. We documented higher bird abundance and habitat diversity on playas with planted buffers than on those without buffers, providing additional evidence of the wildlife value of this wetland management method. Quail Management – An experimental evaluation of short-duration spring grazing with cattle to remove dense residual vegetation along the South Platte River resulted in minimal benefits for breeding bobwhite quail, and concluded that other management approaches are necessary to improve the quality of quail habitat. Mammals Research Moose Management – Data collection to address cost effective approaches for moose management has recently been completed resulting in two publications addressing timing of moose calf births and approaches to estimate calf detection and calving rates. Additional analyses will provide moose condition metrics relative to habitat quality and moose productivity. Elk Calf Recruitment – Ongoing research is addressing factors influencing declining elk calf recruitment by comparing adult female condition and calf survival from a relatively productive area in the northern part of the state to two lower productivity areas in the southern portion of the state. Data collection is scheduled to continue through 2026. Lynx/Snowshoe Hare Research – Research investigations addressing lynx/habitat/prey associations reported (1) stable lynx populations in Colorado, (2) lynx can tolerate moderate levels of winter recreation activity, and (3) hares and lynx were minimally influenced by the bark beetle outbreak. Hare responses to varied forest management practices are pending. COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 317 W. Prospect Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80526 • cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/Research �Recreation Impacts – Ongoing research is focused on elk behavioral and demographic responses to human recreational activity to develop and evaluate best management practices that accommodate recreational opportunities while protecting wildlife resources Energy Development Impacts – Research addressing mule deer/energy development interactions reported that mule deer (1) migrated more rapidly through, but did not avoid developed areas, (2) exhibited behavioral responses associated with level of development activity, but behaviorally mitigated any demographic effects; and (3) pregnancy rates, survival and condition were not influenced by development activity, but birth rates were reduced in developed areas during severe climate conditions. Additional analyses will provide a spatial energy development planning tool and evaluation of winter range habitat treatments as a mitigation option. Carnivore Management – Recently published research results provide cougar management recommendations and two other projects are addressing predator (bear/cougar)-prey (mule deer) relationships and evaluation of cougar/human incident levels relative to cougar density. Photo: Nathaniel Rayl Research Collaborations – Research and management staff are applying research results to update deer and elk DAU plans, estimate cougar and pine marten densities, develop the new oil and gas rules associated with SB 181, assist with recreational trail and Fishers Peak park development, and guide wolverine and lynx management in Colorado and the West. Wildlife Health Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) – Recent CWD research helped identify strategies for its control in affected mule deer populations. These findings are now being incorporated into herd management plan updates.  Harvest can limit CWD: In-state and multi-jurisdiction analyses suggest that increasing male harvest can suppress CWD.  Later harvest helps: Shifting harvest timing closer to the breeding season may provide added control benefits. Plague – Plague research helped develop tools and techniques to improve its management on the landscape.  Vaccination speeds recovery: Prairie dog colonies vaccinated annually withstand plague outbreaks better and rebound more quickly than colonies not vaccinated.  Mechanization speeds vaccine bait production: Vaccine baits can now be produced >10 times faster thanks to improvements to the manufacturing process.  Dose matters: Recent studies revealed that the original vaccine dose yields insufficient “herd immunity” in prairie dogs to suppress plague at black-footed ferret reintroduction sites. Work is underway to glean more protection from each vaccine dose. Photo: Bruce Gill Tools and Techniques – Investigation of new drug combinations, diagnostic tests, and capture tools helps to improve safety of wildlife handling and increase understanding of wildlife diseases. COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 317 W. Prospect Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80526 • cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/Research �  Assays on-demand: Developing customized in-house lab tests helped meet managers’ needs for information on new diseases of concern like rabbit hemorrhagic disease and echinococcosis. Immobilization drugs facilitate safe capture: Ongoing research to optimize immobilization and tranquilizer combinations continues to provide improved dosing and formulations to facilitate safe wildlife capture by agency field personnel. Human Dimensions Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) – A CPW survey of resident and nonresident hunters found a disconnect between hunters’ awareness of and concern about CWD and disease prevalence. The study findings were published as part of CPW’s Technical Report series. Another survey is under development to examine landowner attitudes about hunting access and CWD in northeastern Colorado to refine outreach and education messages. CPW personnel also helped develop a three-day workshop with scientists across North America to map the social-ecological system of CWD, in order to allow state agencies to target specific challenges posed by CWD at local, statewide, and regional scales. State Park Visitor Satisfaction – CPW conducted a pilot study to examine why people visit Colorado’s State Parks, what types of experiences they prefer, and which activities they enjoy. Park managers are using the study results to better understand and plan for the types of outdoor recreation experiences visitors prefer. College-aged Hunter Recruitment and Retention – In collaboration with researchers from North Carolina State University and the University of Northern Colorado, CPW conducted a workshop with college students who had limited to no hunting experience. The workshop and accompanying research survey resulted in two peer-reviewed publications (one published in the Journal of Wildlife Management) to advance hunter recruitment and retention among young adults. Photo: Susan Steffen Eagle County Community Survey – To inform land use planning decisions in Eagle County, CPW is collaborating with the Eagle County Community Wildlife Round Table and Colorado State University graduate students to survey county residents about their wildlife values, interests in and concerns about land use changes, outdoor recreation opportunities, and the impact of these decisions on wildlife habitat. COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 317 W. Prospect Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80526 • cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/Research � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Science Application Highlights Description An account of the resource Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) has an in-house science program that has served the agency for over seven decades. CPW research scientists investigate high-priority information needs, and develop and refine many of the tools and practices our agency uses to conserve and manage Colorado’s fish, wildlife, and park resources for current and future generations. The annual Science Application Highlights briefly describes a few examples of CPW’s science activities and their application to management during the previous year. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Colorado Parks and Wildlife Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - NON-COMMERCIAL USE PERMITTED</a>