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Type: Article
Subjects: Bobcat
Competition
Development
Exurban
<em>Felis rufus</em>
Mountain lion
Networks
<em>Puma concolor</em>
Urbanization
Wildland–urban interface
Type:Article
Subject:Bobcat
Competition
Development
Exurban
<em>Felis rufus</em>
Mountain lion
Networks
<em>Puma concolor</em>
Urbanization
Wildland–urban interface
Description:Competitive interactions between species are fundamental to understanding species assemblages, community dynamics, and ecological processes. Anthropogenic landscape change, particularly resulting from urbanization, can alter interspecific interactions; however, different forms of urbanization are predicted to have contrasting effects on competitive interactions. We developed contact networks between bobcats and pumas to evaluate (1) the potential for interspecific interactions between wild felids and (2) how space-use metrics might change along the urban gradient, including low-density exurban development, wildland–urban interface, and wildland habitat, at both the population and individual level. We used an extensive telemetry data set for bobcats and pumas across multiple study areas to evaluate four space-use metrics: space-use overlap (used to define potential interactions among animals) and three additional contact network metrics, including degree (the number of potentially interacting animals), in-strength (sum of space-use overlap for animals), and equivalent social connectivity (ESC; considering both space-use extent and the amount of space-use overlap). Space-use extent was an important predictor of potential social interactions as measured by space-use metrics. Bobcats appeared to have a greater opportunity to interact with female pumas based on space-use overlap, degree, and in-strength, which demonstrates that relative scale of space-use extent among animals could be important for understanding interactions; ESC, however, was greater between bobcats and male pumas, likely due to the larger space-use extent by male compared to female pumas and the positive relationship between space-use extent and ESC. In addition, pumas and male bobcats exhibited a greater opportunity to interact, based on space-use overlap, degree, and in-strength, and demonstrated higher ESC compared to female bobcats. Counter to our predictions, felids associated with urbanized grids or with greater amounts of urbanization in their extent of space use did not appear to exhibit greater values of space-use metrics compared to animals with less exposure to urbanization; these results appear consistent with previous research evaluating population characteristics of felids across broad scales in our study areas. Greater ESC for male pumas and male bobcats suggests that males could be particularly important for facilitating connectivity of some ecological processes, such as the transmission of disease, through interspecific contact networks. [show more]
Type:Text
Subject:Aquatic nuisance species

ANS
Boating
Inspections
Zebra mussels
Quagga mussels
Description:The State of Colorado has implemented a partnership based, multi-jurisdictional, mandatory watercraft inspection and decontamination program to prevent the spread of Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS). The purpose of the State of Colorado Containment Manual for Watercraft Inspection and Decontamination Stations (Manual) is to provide standard containment protocols across jurisdictions within Colorado, and potentially across the West. This Manual details the watercraft inspection and decontamination (WID) containment procedures to contain and prevent the overland spread of aquatic nuisance species. These procedures apply to all aquatic nuisance species, both plant and animal, but are strongly focused on zebra and quagga mussels (ZQM). [show more]
Type: Article
Subjects: Animal movement
Multiple imputation
Varying-coefficient model
Markov chain
Type:Article
Subject:Animal movement
Multiple imputation
Varying-coefficient model
Markov chain
Description:The processes influencing animal movement and resource selection are complex and varied. Past efforts to model behavioral changes over time used Bayesian statistical models with variable parameter space, such as reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo approaches, which are computationally demanding and inaccessible to many practitioners. We present a continuous-time discrete-space (CTDS) model of animal movement that can be fit using standard generalized linear modeling (GLM) methods. This CTDS approach allows for the joint modeling of location-based as well as directional drivers of movement. Changing behavior over time is modeled using a varying-coefficient framework which maintains the computational simplicity of a GLM approach, and variable selection is accomplished using a group lasso penalty. We apply our approach to a study of two mountain lions (Puma concolor) in Colorado, USA. [show more]
Type: Article
Subjects: Cougar
<em>Puma concolor</em>
Wildlife management
Conservation
Wildlife conservation
Type:Article
Subject:Cougar
<em>Puma concolor</em>
Wildlife management
Conservation
Wildlife conservation
Description:

The cougar is one of the most beautiful, enigmatic, and majestic animals in the Americas. Eliciting reverence for its grace and independent nature, it also triggers fear when it comes into contact with people, pets, and livestock or competes for hunters’ game. Mystery, myth, and misunderstanding surround this remarkable creature.

The cougar’s range once extended from northern Canada to the tip of South America, and from the Pacific to the Atlantic, making it the most widespread animal in the western hemisphere. But overhunting and loss of habitat vastly reduced cougar numbers by the early twentieth century across much of its historical range, and today the cougar faces numerous threats as burgeoning human development encroaches on its remaining habitat.

When Maurice Hornocker began the first long-term study of cougars in the Idaho wilderness in 1964, little was known about this large cat. Its secretive nature and rarity in the landscape made it difficult to study. But his groundbreaking research yielded major insights and was the prelude to further research on this controversial species.

The capstone to Hornocker’s long career studying big cats, Cougar is a powerful and practical resource for scientists, conservationists, and anyone with an interest in large carnivores.  He and conservationist Sharon Negri bring together the diverse perspectives of twenty-two distinguished scientists to provide the fullest account of the cougar’s ecology, behavior, and genetics, its role as a top predator, and its conservation needs. This compilation of recent findings, stunning photographs, and firsthand accounts of field research unravels the mysteries of this magnificent animal and emphasizes its importance in healthy ecosystem processes and in our lives.

[show more]
Type:Article
Subject:Cougar
Midwest
<em>Puma concolor</em>
Recolonization
Description:Although cougars (Puma concolor) were extirpated from much of midwestern North America around 1900, hard evidence of cougar presence has increased and populations have become established in the upper portions of the Midwest during the past 20 years. Recent occurrences of cougars in the Midwest are likely due to dispersal of subadult cougars into the region from established western populations, and may be indicative of further recolonization and range expansion. We compiled confirmed locations of cougars (i.e., via carcasses, tracks, photos, video, and DNA evidence) collected during 1990–2008 in 14 states and provinces of midwestern North America. We separated our study area into 2 regions (east and west), calculated number and types of confirmations, and assessed trends in confirmations during the study period. We recorded 178 cougar confirmations in the Midwest and the number of confirmations increased during the study period (r = 0.79, P ≤ 0.001). Confirmations by state or province ranged from 1 (Kansas, Michigan, and Ontario) to 67 (Nebraska). Carcasses were the most prevalent confirmation type (n = 56). Seventy-six percent of known-sex carcass confirmations were males, consistent with predominantly male-biased dispersal in cougars. More confirmations (P = 0.05) were recorded in the western region  than the eastern region . Seventy-nine percent of cougar confirmations occurred within 50 km of highly suitable habitat (i.e., forest areas with steep terrain and low road and human densities). Given the number of cougar confirmations, the increasing frequency of occurrences, and that long-distance dispersal has been documented via radiocollared individuals, our research suggests that cougars are continuing to recolonize midwestern North America. [show more]
Type: Article
Subjects: Cougars
Human-animal relationships
Populations
Boulder, Colorado
Type:Article
Subject:Cougars
Human-animal relationships
Populations
Boulder, Colorado
Description:Cougars once occupied a range in the Western Hemisphere larger than that of any terrestrial mammal (other than humans) since the Pleistocene (Rabinowitz 2010). Highly adaptable, cougars inhabited deserts, grasslands, tropical rainforests, temperate mountains, and boreal forests. After Europeans settled North America, however, they virtually eliminated eastern cougar populations and dramatically reduced western populations in an effort to protect livestock and valued game species, and also to protect themselves. Later, government funded control and bounty programs, along with widespread unregulated killing of predators in the late 1800s and early 1900s, contributed to further cougar population declines. [show more]
Type:Text
Subject:Coyotes
Description:CPW has compiled this list as a tool for homeowners to utilize when trying to minimize conflicts with coyotes. The following exclusion techniques, deterrents, and repellents were gathered from various internet searches and written source reviews. CPW has not tested these products for their effectiveness nor endorses any particular product/method. Residents are encouraged to do their own research on additional tools that may be available. [show more]
Type:Text
Subject:Coyotes
Description:CPW encourages you to take steps to eliminate attractants and participate in hazing efforts on your property (hazing would include yelling or throwing objects at coyotes that come onto your property or that approach too closely) in order to minimize conflicts with coyotes. CPW also urges you to share this information with friends, neighbors and your community since minimizing conflicts is most effective when the entire neighborhood is working together. [show more]
Type:Text
Subject:Coyote
Gray wolf
Description:Gray wolves are about twice the size of coyotes. Coyotes are shorter, sleeker, and lighter on their feet.
Type:Text
Subject:Coyotes
Description:Coyotes in populated areas are typically less fearful of people. They have been known to attack pets and approach people too closely. Please read and share these tips with your children.